5th Operational Squadron

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Fifth Eskadra
пятая эскадра
Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean 5th Sqn.PNG
Fifth Squadron bases in 1973.
Active1963–1993
2013–present[1]
Country Soviet Union (1963–91)
 Russia (1991–93; 2013–Present)
Allegiance Soviet Union
(1963–1991)
Russian Federation
BranchNaval Ensign of the Soviet Union (1950-1991).svg Soviet Navy
Naval Ensign of Russia.svg Russian Navy
RoleNaval warfare
Amphibious warfare
Size15 warships
HeadquartersMSTP in Tartus
Sevastopol
Severomorsk
Nickname(s)5th Squadron
EngagementsCold War
Syrian Civil War (Russian intervention)
Commanders
Current
commander		Captain 1st rank Pavel Yasnitsky

The 5th Squadron (Russian: пятая эскадра, translit. Pyataya Eskadra, officially known as Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea) is squadron of the Russian Navy responsible for the Russian projection of power in the Middle East through the Mediterranean Sea.

The fleet was first established by the Soviet Navy in 1963–64, originally intended for the power projection in the Middle East through the Mediterranean Sea during the Cold War between two superpowers— the Soviet Union and the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in general usually referred to the squadron as the Soviet Mediterranean Fleet (Russian: Средиземноморский флот) since it was indeed such for all intents and purposes, facing the combat adversary with the U.S. Navy's Sixth Fleet in the region. Attached to the Russian Navy after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the 5th Squadron was deactivated due to downsizing of the Russian Armed Forces on 31 December 1992.[2] Perceiving threats from the planned American' missile defense shield in Poland in 2009–10 and the American-led NATO's armed intervention in Syria in 2011, Russia reactivated the 5th Squadron in 2013 to support its war efforts in a bid of saving President Bashar al-Assad's presidency in Syria.[1]

Since 2013, Russian Ministry of Defence officially identify this squadron as the Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea (Russian: Оперативное соединение ВМФ России на Средиземном море).[3]

History[]

The Soviet Navy in the first half of the 1960s had not yet been able to create a force that could effectively cripple the Sixth Fleet. The Black Sea Fleet force deployed in the Mediterranean, did not have the required strength, and the attention of the Soviet Navy's leaders was drawn to the potential of first diesel electric, and then nuclear submarines to stealthily track and, with nuclear weapons, subsequently destroy aircraft carriers.[4]

Up to May 1965, the Soviet Navy attempted to carry out its task in the Mediterranean Sea by creating a so-called mixed formed from ships of the Northern Fleet and the Baltic Fleet under the command of Captain 1st Rank E.I. Volobuyev and O.P. Grumbkov. This force included submarines, destroyers and . In May 1965, the first mixed squadron was formed from the hydrographic, support vessels, attack cruisers and submarines of the Black Sea Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, under the command of Captain 1st Rank Igor N. Molodtsov.[5]

The question of creating staff and a temporary operational squadron in the Mediterranean was raised repeatedly by Admiral Sergei Gorshkov, Chief of the Navy. However, the General Staff did not approve the idea. Contrary to custom, Gorshkov continued to harass the Ministry of Defence with persistent requests for the creation of "... the organization that can hardly be found", not bothered by the fact that it caused irritation to the Chief of the General Staff. The Commander used to do that every suitable occasion, but "up to a certain time the requests of the Commander for the establishment of regular Mediterranean squadron to officers of the General Staff met with failure, or silence."[6]

The Six-Day War of 1967 was a factor in accelerating the creation of the Mediterranean squadron. In June 1967, the Politburo decided to create a Mediterranean squadron. In accordance with this decision, the establishment of the squadron was ordered by the Order of the Navy Commander № 0195, dated 14 June 1967.[7] Rear Admiral took command, and took over command of all the forces that were present on 14 July 1967 in the Mediterranean.

Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea[]

In September 2013, the Russian Ministry of Defence re-established a fleet in the Mediterranean using a combination of ships from the Black Sea Fleet and Northern Fleet stationed in Syria.[1] It has been reported to comprise 15 warships and auxiliary vessels[8] with vessels from the Baltic Fleet also providing contingents for operations in the region.[9]

Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War[]

With the start of the military operation of the Russian Aerospace Forces in Syria on 30 September 2015, the formation took part in this operation, covering the airborne forces of the Russian Aerospace Forces in Syria and the Khmeimim Air Base at which it is deployed. The main objective of the formation was to ensure the activities of the Russian troops in Syria. Presently, it continues to facilitate and replenish Russian forces stationed there and also help out with any search and rescue operations in its area of responsibility.

5th Operational Squadron: Component Vessels[]

As of 2020, Russian naval units in the Mediterranean included:

  • 2 Improved Kilo-class submarines (drawn from the Black Sea Fleet ostensibly enroute for maintenance in the Baltic to comply with provisions of the Montreux Convention; but remaining for prolonged periods in the Mediterranean);[10][11]
  • Up to 2 nuclear-powered submarines (drawn from the Northern Fleet when deployed);[12]
  • Major surface combatants (drawn from the Black Sea Fleet and on rotation from the Northern or Baltic Fleets);
  • Light Corvettes/Offshore Patrol/mine countermeasures Vessels (principally drawn from the Black Sea Fleet);[13]
  • Ropucha-class and Alligator-class landing ships (principally from the Black Sea Fleet but on occasion may also be drawn from other fleets)[14] providing logisitic support and re-supply for the Russian naval facility in Tartus;[15]
  • Support vessels and specialist auxiliary vessels; and,
  • Light patrol/anti-sabateur vessels (for security at the Tartus naval facility).[16]

Naval units can be supported by aircraft operating from the Khmeimim Air Base in Syria. Units deployed have included Tu-22M3 Backfire bombers as well as Su-24s, Su-35s, MiG-31s and Tu-142MK and Il-38 anti-submarine warfare aircraft.[17][18][19][20]

Activity[]

Background[]

Between December 2007–February 2008, the Russian Navy made the first large deployment to the Mediterranean Sea in 15 years. The task force included Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, destroyers Admiral Levchenko and Admiral Chabanenko and Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva. Vice-Admiral Nikolai Maksimov, the Northern Fleet commander, said during the operations that "After this visit to the Mediterranean and France, the first in 15 years, we will establish a constant presence in the region".[21][22]

In 2013, the Russian naval presence in the Mediterranean Sea was formed by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (5 July[23]–12 July[23]) and Northern Fleet's destroyers Vice-Admiral Kulakov (4 June[24]–17 July[25]) and Severomorsk (January–June).

2013[]

In September 2013, the 5th Operational Squadron was formed. It was temporarily strengthened by Moskva (11 September[26]–18 November), Northern Fleet's heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (2 November[27]–8 May 2014[28]) and Pacific Fleet's cruiser Varyag (2 November[29]–unknown) and destroyer Admiral Panteleyev (2 November[29]–November).

2014[]

In 2014, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (6 September[30]–18 January 2015[31]), Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov (10 January[32]–8 May[28]), heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (2 November 2013[27]–8 May 2014[28]), destroyers Admiral Levchenko (10 January[32]–30 June[33]), Vice-Admiral Kulakov (28 April[34]–December) and Severomorsk (28 November[35]–10 April 2015[36]) and Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (August–16 February 2015[37]).

2015[]

In 2015, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (6 September 2014[30]–18 January,[31] 1 June[38]–18 August[39] and 25 September[40]–9 January 2016[41]) and Northern Fleet's destroyers Severomorsk (28 November 2014[35]–10 April 2015[36]) and Vice-Admiral Kulakov (November–25 March 2016[42]) and Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (August 2014–16 February 2015[37]).

2016[]

In 2016, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (25 September 2015[40]–9 January 2016[41]), Pacific Fleet's cruiser Varyag (3 January 2016[43]–spring), Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (11 June–9 October[44]) and Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (both 26 October[45]–20 January 2017[46]) and destroyers Severomorsk (26 October[45]–24 May 2017[47]) and Vice-Admiral Kulakov (November 2015–25 March 2016[42] and 26 October[45]–6 December[48]).

The mainstay of the Squadron were Black Sea Fleet's frigates Ladny (5 May[49]–10 June[50]), Pytlivy (25 May[51]–1 July[52] and 6 August[52]–28 November[53]) and Admiral Grigorovich (May–9 June[54] and 24 September[55]–6 October[56]) as well as destroyer Smetlivy (7 March[57]–9 June and 25 October[58]–5 March 2017[59]).

Between October 2016–January 2017 Russian Navy intervened in the Syrian Civil War during the Battle of Aleppo deploying a carrier strike group of the Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, which included heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, destroyers Severomorsk and Vice-Admiral Kulakov and likely a nuclear submarine. The Admiral Kuznetsov's airwing, composed of 6-8 Su-33s and 4 MiG-29Ks flew missions in Syria. A Su-33 and a MiG-29K were lost due to malfunctions of the arresting wires, with pilots being safely rescued.

2017[]

In 2017, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (both 26 October 2016[45]–20 January 2017[46]) and destroyers Severomorsk (26 October 2016[45]–24 May 2017[47]) and Vice-Admiral Kulakov (8 August[60]–4 November[61]), as well as Baltic Fleet's corvettes Soobrazitelny and Boikiy (29 October[62]–December).

2018[]

In 2018, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's cruiser Marshal Ustinov (11 August–12 November[63]) and destroyer Severomorsk (11 August[64]–3 May 2019[65]) as well as Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (26 April[66]–October).

Between 1–8 September, Ocean shield exercise was held for the first time. Unlike 2019 and 2020 exercises, conducted in the Baltic Sea, the first exercise took place in the Mediterranean Sea. 26 ships, 2 submarines and 34 aircraft were included.[67] Among participants were cruiser Marshal Ustinov, destroyers Smetlivy and Severomorsk, frigates Admiral Grigorovich, Admiral Essen, Admiral Makarov, Pytlivy and Yaroslav Mudry, corvettes Vishny Volochyok, Grad Sviyazhsk and Veliky Ustyug and conventional submarines Kolpino and Velikiy Novgorod. The aircraft present included Tu-160 bombers, Tu-142 and Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft and Su-33 and MiG-29K maritime fighters. This was the largest Russian naval exercise in the Mediterranean Sea of the post-Cold War era and the largest Russian post-Cold War naval exercise in the far sea zone. In terms of distant location and number of capital ships participating it's comparable only to June 2021 exercises of the Pacific Fleet off the Hawaii islands.[68]

2019[]

In 2019, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's cruiser Marshal Ustinov (22 August[69]–30 October and 18 December[70]–28 January 2020[71]), destroyers Vice-Admiral Kulakov (December 2019–January 2020) and Severomorsk (11 August 2018[64]–3 May 2019[65]) and frigate Admiral Gorshkov (10[72]–20 March[73]).

2020[]

In 2020, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's cruiser Marshal Ustinov (18 December 2019[74]–28 January 2020[75]) and destroyer Vice-Admiral Kulakov (December 2019–January 2020 and 6 August[76]–8 November[77]), as well as Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (March–April).

The mainstay of the Squadron were Black Sea Fleet's frigates Admiral Grigorovich (28 February[78]–26 June[79] and 29 December 2020[80]–8 May 2021[81]), Admiral Essen (21 December 2019[82]–11 April[83] and 29 September[84]–28 December[85]) and Admiral Makarov (28 February[78]–11 April[86] and 24 June[87]–19 October[88]).

2021[]

In 2021, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Baltic Fleet's corvette Stoikiy (29 December 2020[89]–19 April 2021[90]), Northern Fleet's frigate Admiral Kasatonov (14 January[91]–1 April[92]) and Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (18 June[93]–5 July[94]).

The mainstay of the Squadron were Black Sea Fleet's frigates Admiral Grigorovich (24 December 2020[80]–8 May 2021[81]), Admiral Makarov (2 May[95]–present) and Admiral Essen (18 June[96]–5 July[94]).

On 25 May 2021, three Tu-22Ms maritime bombers were deployed to the Khmeymim airbase in Syria for the first time.[97] The deployment took place after a significant boost in NATO amphibious capability in the Mediterranean earlier in 2021. French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle has left Toulon for a deployment in the Persian Gulf via the eastern Mediterranean in the mid February.[98] American aircraft carrier Dwight D. Eisenhower conducted an exercise with the French helicopter carrier Tonerre off Greece in March[99][100] and, in May, British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth embarked on a maiden voyage to the Indian Ocean via the Mediterranean, where it will hold exercises with Charles de Gaulle.[101]

On 25 June 2021, two anti-ship interceptors MiG-31K, armed with Kinzhal missiles were deployed to Khmeymim airbase for the first time[102] and fired Kinzhal in an exercise the same day.[103][104] They participated in a large-scale anti-ship exercise, which included cruiser Moskva, frigates Admiral Essen and Admiral Makarov and submarines Stary Oskol and Rostov-on-Don, three bombers Tu-22M3, as well as anti-submarine aircraft Il-38 and Tu-142.[105] The newest air defence system S-500 was reportedly tested at Khmeymim airbase and obtained a lock on F-35 fighter from Queen Elizabeth.[106] The exercise included rocket fire 30 km away from Queen Elizabeth.[107] The exercise took place during the deployment of the British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth to the Eastern Mediterranean and have coincided with aircraft carrier Dwight D. Eisenhower reentering the Mediterranean Sea after three months in the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal on 1 July.[108]

Commanders[]

  • Rear Admiral Boris Petrov (14 July 1967 – 1969)
  • Rear Admiral Vladimir Leonenkov (1969–1971)
  • Rear Admiral Evgeniy Volobuev (1971–1974)
  • Rear Admiral Vladimir Akimov (1974–1977)
  • Rear Admiral Nikolai Ryabinskiy (1977–1981)
  • Rear Admiral Valentin Selivanov (1981–1985)
  • Rear Admiral Vladimir Kalabin (1985–1986)
  • Rear Admiral Vladimir Yegorov (1986–1988)
  • Rear Admiral Alexander Gorbunov (1988–1990)
  • Rear Admiral Pyotr Svyatashov (1992–1992)
  • Rear Admiral Yuri Sysuyev (1992–1993)

Since reactivation:

See also[]

References[]

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