7aum Arivu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7aum Arivu
7aum Arivu.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed byA. R. Murugadoss
Written byA. R. Murugadoss
Produced byUdhayanidhi Stalin
StarringSuriya
Shruti Haasan
Johnny Tri Nguyen
Cinematography
Edited byAnthony
Music byHarris Jayaraj
Production
company
Distributed byRed Giant Movies
Release date
  • 25 October 2011 (2011-10-25)
Running time
168 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil
Budget80 crore[2]
Box officeest. 90–100 crore[2][3][4]

7aum Arivu (transl. Seventh Sense; Tamil pronunciation: [eːɻaːm ariʋu]) is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language science fiction martial arts film written and directed by AR Murugadoss, featuring Suriya, Shruti Haasan and Johnny Tri Nguyen . In the film, a medical student enlists the help of a circus artist, who is a descendant of Bodhidharma, to revive the legend's skills and knowledge, while a Chinese man with hypnotic powers starts a government-planned biological war against India.

The film, produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin began production in May 2010 and was released on 25 October 2011 in Chennai and a day later, on Diwali, worldwide. The visual effects for the film were done by US based Legacy Effects, making this their second Indian film after Enthiran.[5] It was also dubbed into Telugu as 7th Sense which released simultaneously along with the Tamil original.[6] The film was also dubbed in Hindi as Chennai v/s China in 2014[7] as well as in Malayalam with the original title. The film was also one out of several films selected by the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce for being the Indian submission for Oscar under the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.[8][9][10]

Plot[]

Bodhidharma, a master of martial arts and medical remedies, is the son of a great Tamil king of the Pallava dynasty. He is sent to China by his guru, who requests him to stop the spread of a pandemic disease existing there from spreading to India. Initially, the people in China treat him as an inferior. Still, later, when he cures a little girl from the deadly disease and fights against some people who ill-treated villagers there, the people of China began to respect and worship him. He begins to teach them how to cure many diseases, the skills of hypnotism, and the physical training of the Shaolin monks that led to the creation of Shaolinquan. However, after several years, when he expresses his desire to return to India, the villagers plot to poison him and bury him near the temple, believing that their place would be disease free if he is buried there. Bodhidharma agrees to die and subsequently becomes a fundamental figure in Chinese history, affectionately being dubbed as "Damo".

In modern-day China, Dong Lee is given the task of starting a government-planned biological war against India, known as Operation Red. He arrives in Chennai and starts this operation by injecting a virus into a street dog. This disease was the one which occurred during the time of Bodhidharma in China. Meanwhile, Subha Srinivasan, a genetics student, researches that Bodhidharma can be brought back to life if his sample of DNA is matched with another sample of DNA which she finds in Aravind, a descendant of Bodhidharma who is working as a circus artist nearby. Lee finds out Subha's mission to revive Bodhidharma and plans to kill her first so that the disease cannot be stopped.

Subha approaches Aravind but begins to love and spend time with him, thereby forgetting about her mission. One day, Aravind's family sees Subha and clearly remembers that she visited them a year before to find Aravind and know all about him for the Bodhidharma research. Saving herself, she lies by saying that she does not know them. Later that night, Aravind's uncle explains all what happened one year before when they met Subha. Aravind goes and meets Subha and is enraged upon realising the truth. However, the next day, he reconciles with Subha in a love failure mood and agrees to contribute to the research and hence save the country. The research begins of giving life to Bodhidharma and to end Operation Red. Lee, who is capable of doing anything, does all impossibly bad things, mastered in "Nokku Varmam" (hypnotism), a martial art which was actually taught to the Chinese by Bodhidharma.

Subha goes to her genetics department and announces that Operation Red can be stopped if they read and make use of the cures in a book written by Bodhidharma. However, the department laughs and refuses to believe her, claiming that an ancient book is of no use in modern times, much to her dismay. After some time, Subha and Aravind learn that Subha's professor from the genetics department is assisting Lee in Operation Red. They sneak into the professor's apartment and learn about the operation. The next day, the professor is caught red-handed by Aravind, Subha, and her friends but surrenders and explains that he received a huge sum of money from the China government if he carried out Operation Red. After the professor gives the gang more details about Operation Red and how to stop it, they leave. However, after a while, Lee arrives, and the professor once again teams up with him to save his own life.

Lee causes numerous havoc in the city, which Subha, Aravind, and their gang barely escape. They finally locate a research centre where they can activate Bodhidharma's DNA in Aravind and decide to hide there for a few days. They all deactivate their phones so that nobody can trace them. However, Lee somehow traces Subha and the gang with the help of two of Subha's outside friends. However, he kills both of them afterwards. Lee then locates the place of the research centre. Subha and her friends in the research centre escape in a van, but Lee chases them, and the van collapses. An unconscious Aravind gets beaten badly by Lee at first, but then gains Bodhidharma's skills and kills Lee. Aravind uses an ancient medicine to cure the disease. Subha and Aravind then get married and finally tell the press about the importance of our history.

Cast[]

Production[]

Casting[]

Initial reports suggested that Suriya would play three characters; a circus artist,[11] a scientist and a Buddhist monk,[12] for a portion set in China in the 5–6th century.[13] However, it was clarified that the scientist's role would be performed by the female lead, Shruti Haasan,[14] while Suriya would play a modern-day circus artist as well as Bodhidharma, a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th century. Vietnamese actor and martial artist Johnny Tri Nguyen was signed to play the antagonist,[15] while Kannada actor Avinash[16] and Abhinaya of Naadodigal fame were selected to play minor supporting roles in the film.[17][18]

Influences[]

Sources claimed that the film drew inspirations from Christopher Nolan's Inception. However, the director dismissed the news, reasoning that he had begun shooting much before the release of Inception. Murugadoss further denied reports that the film was a remake of the Bollywood flick Chandni Chowk to China, as both were supposed to be set in China, and that the film's concept was similar to that of the Hollywood film Perfume, confirming the script as the original.[19] After completing the film, he emphasised that he had not been inspired or remade any film, stating that Hollywood filmmakers can "feel free to remake 7aum Arivu".[20]

Filming[]

The first schedule of the film was completed in China[21] and those fifteen minutes of the edited film reportedly cost 15 crore.[22] Later, some shots were canned in Trichy and later at Ampa Skywalk,[23][24] followed by the song Oh Ringa Ringa in Besant Nagar,[25][26] for which 1000 junior artists were allotted,[27] and a stunt sequence in Perambur. In the process, Suriya had an ankle injury due to which the shot was postponed for a period of 3 days.[28] Suriya trained to get a Six pack abs for a Kung Fu sequence within 16 days, following cinematographer Ravi K. Chandran's request.[29] Shabina Khan designed the costumes for Suriya and Shruti, staying with the team throughout the filming process in Bangkok and Hong Kong.[30] The song "Mun Andhi" was shot in Thailand.[31] Though initial reports stated that the film would feature a time machine, they were later dismissed.[32]

The visual effects of the film were done by Legacy Effects at an approximate cost of 10 crore, who had made an impact in Hollywood for their work in the Terminator series, the Jurassic Park series, Aliens, the Predator series, Iron Man, Edward Scissorhands, and Avatar.[5]

Soundtrack[]

7aum Arivu
Soundtrack album by
Released22 September 2011
Recorded2011
GenreFeature film soundtrack
Length31:29
LanguageTamil
LabelSony Music India
ProducerHarris Jayaraj
Harris Jayaraj chronology
Force
(2011)
7aum Arivu
(2011)
Nanban
(2011)

The soundtrack, composed by Harris Jayaraj, consists of six songs including a Chinese track, sung by Chinese singer Wang Hao.[33] It marks the second collaboration of Jayaraj and Murugadoss after the success of Ghajini. Lyrics were penned by Madhan Karky. The audio rights of the album were secured by Sony Music reportedly for a whopping amount.[34] The composition of the soundtrack took place in Singapore.[35] The audio was released on 22 September 2011 in Chennai Trade Centre in a grand manner.[36] The event was hosted by Jai and Anjali, lead pair of Murugadoss' production Engeyum Eppodhum, while Bollywood actress Isha Sharvani, Lakshmi Rai and several international artists performed on stage,[37] which were choreographed by Shobi.[31] Actors Dhanush, Karthi, Jiiva, Jayam Ravi, Vishal Krishna and Ram Charan attended the function,[37] with Dhanush releasing the trailer.[31] Though initial reports said that Shahrukh Khan would appear in the launch,[38] it was later dismissed.[39]

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Behindwoods3.5/5 stars[40]
Rediff2.5/5 stars[41]
Track-List[42]
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Oh Ringa Ringa"Pa. VijayRoshan, Jerry John, Benny Dayal, Suchitra5:34
2."Mun Andhi"Na. MuthukumarKarthik, Megha6:14
3."Yellae Lama"Na. MuthukumarVijay Prakash, Karthik, Shalini, Shruti Haasan5:21
4."Yamma Yamma"KabilanS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Shweta Mohan6:06
5."Innum Enna Thozha"P. VijayBalram, Naresh Iyer, Suchith Suresan4:58
6."The Rise of Damo" (Mandarin Language)Madhan KarkyHao Wang, Sunitha Sarathy3:16
Total length:31:29
7th Sense
Soundtrack album by
Released2011
Recorded2011
GenreFeature film soundtrack
Length30:29
LanguageTelugu
LabelSony Music India
ProducerHarris Jayaraj

All tracks are written by Bhuvanachandra.

Telugu Track-List[43]
No.TitleSinger(s)Length
1."Oh Ringa Ringa"Benny Dayal, Suchitra5:36
2."Mutyala Dhaarani"Karthik, Megha6:13
3."Yellae Lama"Rita, Vijay Prakash, Shalini, Karthik5:22
4."Amma Amma"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Shweta Mohan6:07
5."Endukanta Joda"Balram, Naresh Iyer, Suchith Suresan4:56
6."The Rise of Damo" (Mandarin Language)Hao Wang, Sunitha Sarathy3:14
Total length:31:28

Critical response[]

P. G. Devi from Behindwoods gave 3.5/5 and commented: "The album promises a couple of big chart-busting hits like the peppy 'Ringa Ringa', the melodious 'Mun Andhi' and the pathos-ridden 'Yamma Yamma'. Though there is a déjà vu feel all around the album, its a sure shot commercial success".[40] Indiaglitz stated that "the unique stamp of Harris can be felt throughout the disc, and that makes songs [...] a treat to senses", recommending it for "those who love and appreciate good music".[44] Pavithra Srinivasan from Rediff provided 2.5/5, mentioning that "it looks like Harris Jeyaraj has run out of steam. While Yemma Yemma and The Rise of Damo are appealing, the rest sound like he remixed some of his own older numbers, or chose to be inspired by other classics [...] 7aum Arivu's music does have its moments, but these are few and far between."[41] Prakash Upadhyaya from Oneindia.in said that the album had "variety of songs. The soundtracks will have larger appeal when it is watched".[45]

Release[]

Bharath Creations bought the rights for the film in US and Canada.[46] The film's worldwide theatrical rights were sold for 60 crore.[47] The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV.[48] The film was given a U certificate by the Censor Board,[49] but did not get the 30 percent entertainment tax waiver until more than 100 days after release.[50] The film was scheduled for a Diwali release on 26 October 2011; with producer Udhayanidhi Stalin's intervention, it was brought forward by one day, opening ahead of the other films.[51] The distribution rights in Kerala were acquired for 2.4 crore, releasing in more than 100 screens.[52] In Chennai, the film released in 51 screens.[53] The film was the largest release in Suriya's career, opening with 1000 prints worldwide, with 400 prints in Tamil Nadu alone. The Telugu dubbed version, 7th Sense had the second largest release in Andhra Pradesh for a dubbed film by opening up in 400 screens across the state.[54] A special screening was shown to actor Kamal Haasan.[55] In Malaysia, the film was released in record 53 screens. In the US, the film was released in both Tamil and Telugu in 50 screens.[56][57]

Critical reception[]

Indiaglitz claimed that Murugadoss had made a "bold attempt" and "succeeded in it with the help of Suriya and Udhayanidhi Stalin", lauding him for "conveying a bitter truth [...] in a sugar coating", and going on to claim it to be a "winner in all his invasions".[58] Behindwoods described it as "technical finesse catering to commercial compulsions", giving the film 3 out of 5.[59] Rediff gave it 3 out of 5, noting that it was "worth a watch" and had "several things working for it".[60] Sify called the film "average", writing that "the effort of Murugadoss to make a special kind of film is laudable but seems to lack the imagination required to pull off what he set out to achieve".[61] Nowrunning.com rated it 3/5 stating that "a hopeful beginning makes this routine fare an absolute disappointment. This is not a bad film. You just expect better from a director like Murugadoss".[62]

Box office[]

7aum Arivu had a strong opening on 25 October, a day prior to Diwali.[63] The film earned 40.25 crore in its six-day opening weekend from all over the world.[64] In Chennai alone, the film grossed 9 crore in its lifetime.[65] Indian film trades considered the film a commercial success,[66][67] despite a high budget and distribution price. 7aum Arivu is thought to have grossed an estimated 90 crore–100 crore[2][3][4] worldwide in its lifetime.

Controversies[]

Some criticism toward the film involved historical inaccuracies pertaining to the character Bodhidharma. According to experts,[who?] he had travelled from India to China with the main intention of propagating Buddhism and his portrayal as a man with "medicinal knowledge" and his expertise at "martial arts" were not well received by the viewers who claimed that the film gives too much emphasis on his identity as a Tamilian rather than highlighting the other facts. The film was compared by film historian S. Theodore Baskaran with other Tamil films about history and folklore which had been historically inaccurate like Veerapandiya Kattabomman and Parthiban Kanavu.[68] Babu T. Raghu, a Buddhist teacher, noted in a press conference that the monk was 150 years old when he reached China, while in the film they had depicted him in his 20s. He expressed his desire to debate with the film-makers. Also, He said that he had material evidence to prove it, while sparking off a hunger strike across the country on Bodhidharma's followers.[69][70] Other sources also reported a similar issue.[71]

Later reports claimed that the film was very similar to the game Assassin's Creed. Some were of the opinion that the film and the game were based on the same concept, despite being different in other aspects. The film Velayudham, which had released alongside 7aum Arivu was also compared with the game.[72]

The film was sent for CBFC certification with a dummy background score, and the official re-recording happened thereafter, triggering protests demanding re-certification.[73]

References[]

  1. ^ "Ravi K Chandran back to 7am Arivu". Sify. 4 May 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c T.N.Ashok (16 February 2013). "Tamil films alive and kicking". Madras Musings. Retrieved 14 June 2019. Ezhaam Arivu (7th Sense) made by Murugadoss earned only Rs.90 crore against a large investment of Rs. 80 crore
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Chandra, Sekar (18 May 2016). "Suriya's 24 Joins Prestigious 100 Crore Club". AP Herald. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "சூர்யா...close up". Kungumam. 29 November 2020.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "7aum Arivu special effects in Stan Winston Studios!". Sify. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  6. ^ "K-town's successful Tollywood link". The Times of India. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  7. ^ "Chennai vs China (7aum Arivu) Promo 1". Zee Cinema. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  8. ^ Vazhakku En 18/9 and 7aum Arivu in Oscar nomination list – Tamil Movie News. IndiaGlitz (18 September 2012). Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  9. ^ Tamil Films In Oscar Race This Year ! – Tamil Films – 7aum Arivu – Vazhakku En – Tamil Movie News. Behindwoods.com (17 September 2012). Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  10. ^ Oscar race: Vazhakku trumps 7aum Arivu Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Times of India. 19 September 2012
  11. ^ "Suriya joins the circus!". Rediff.com. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  12. ^ Prakash (14 September 2011). "Actor Surya | AR Murugadoss". Oneindia.in. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  13. ^ "Is Suriya playing a triple role in 7Aum Arivu?". TamilWire.com. 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  14. ^ "7 Aum Arivu is a world class Tamil film: Suriya". Indiaeveryday.in. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  15. ^ "Expectations running high for '7am Arivu' – Tamil Movie News". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  16. ^ "Avinash Is Suriya Father – Tamil Movie News". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  17. ^ "Surprise in 7aum Arivu". Behindwoods. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  18. ^ "I was born with comparisons: Shruti Hassan". Daily News and Analysis. India. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  19. ^ "Murugadoss' denial". Behindwoods.com. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  20. ^ "Hollywood can remake 7aum Arivu!". Behindwoods. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  21. ^ "Is Suriya's Ezham Arivu a period film?". Behindwoods.com. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  22. ^ China shoot cost 15 crore. Moviecrow.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  23. ^ "Suriya in Trichy with 7am Arivu team". Kollyinsider.com. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  24. ^ "Suriya's Ezham Arivu spotted in the city". Behindwoods.com. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  25. ^ "Suriya's elephant ride". Behindwoods.com. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  26. ^ "7 Aum Arivu: All praise for Suriya". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  27. ^ "'ezham Arivu' And 1000 Dancers". Behindwoods.com. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  28. ^ "Suriya's Injury Holdups Ezham Arivu | News – General". Top 10 Cinema. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  29. ^ "Suriya To Go Bare!". Behindwoods.com. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  30. ^ "Shabina Khan designs for 7 am Arivu". The Times of India. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The happenings at the 7aum Arivu audio launch". Behindwoods. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  32. ^ "No time machine in 7 am Arivu!". The Times of India. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  33. ^ "7am Arivu with a Chinese Track". IndiaGlitz. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  34. ^ "The countdown begins for 7 am Arivu music!". Behindwoods.com. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  35. ^ "SURIYA TO GET THE BEST FROM HARRIS". Behindwoods.com. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  36. ^ "7am Arivu audio launch to be a grand affair". The Times of India. 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b "7aum Arivu's audio launch details". 20 September 2011. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  38. ^ "Shahrukh Khan to grace '7aum Arivu' music launch!". Indiaglitz. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  39. ^ 7am Arivu songs available since 11 AM Archived 25 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Supergoodmovies.com (22 September 2011). Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b "7AUM ARIVU MUSIC REVIEW – 7AUM ARIVU MUSIC REVIEW". Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b "Review: 7aum Arivu music invokes a sense of deja vu". Rediff.com. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  42. ^ "7 Aum Arivu - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn". 22 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  43. ^ "7th Sense - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn". 23 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  44. ^ "7aum Arivu Music Review". IndiaGlitz. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  45. ^ "7aam Arivu – Music Review". Oneindia.in. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  46. ^ Bharat Creations purchased North American theatrical rights. Moviecrow.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  47. ^ 7 aum Arivu distribution rights sold for 60 crore. Moviecrow.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  48. ^ "7aum Arivu exclusively for Sun". Behindwoods. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  49. ^ "7aum Arivu comes out clean". Behindwoods. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  50. ^ Srinivasa Ramanujam (19 April 2012). "Udhayanidhi Stalin falls prey to political vendetta". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  51. ^ "7aum Arivu to release today". 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  52. ^ "Suriya's '7aum Arivu', a stunner in Kerala". Indiaglitz. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  53. ^ "Diwali Countdown- 6 Days more!". Sify. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  54. ^ "Surya lighting up 1000 screens with 7aam Arivu". Oneindia.in. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  55. ^ "Kamal Haasan watches '7 Aum Arivu'". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  56. ^ 7 aum Arivu in Malaysia. Moviecrow.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  57. ^ "Bharath Creations bags '7aum Arivu' rights". Indiaglitz. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  58. ^ "7aum Arivu – Of sense and sensibility". Indiaglitz. 2011.
  59. ^ "Aum Arivu Review – Aum Arivu Movie Review". Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  60. ^ "Review: 7am Arivu is worth a watch". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  61. ^ "Movie Review: 7 aum Arivu". Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  62. ^ "7aam Arivu Review – Tamil Movie Review by Rohit Ramachandran". Nowrunning.com. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  63. ^ "Chennai Diwali Box-Office (October 26 to 30)v". Sify. 2 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  64. ^ "7aum Arivu vs. Velayutham". Behindwoods. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  65. ^ "7aum Arivu". Behindwoods. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  66. ^ "7aum Arivu - Behindwoods - Tamil Top Ten Movies". Behindwoods. 18 December 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  67. ^ "Top 10 Tamil grossers of 2011". Sify. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  68. ^ "7 Aum Arivu row: Debate rages over Bodhi Dharma's identity". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  69. ^ "Buddhist targets '7aum Arivu' for inaccuracy". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  70. ^ "'Facts in 7am arivu are inaccurate'". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  71. ^ Sreedhar, Nemmani (15 November 2011). "'Bodhidharma portrayal wrong in film'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  72. ^ "7aum Arivu inspired by a video game?". The Times of India. 19 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  73. ^ 7 aum Arivu recertification issue. Moviecrow.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""