Aaron ben Moses ben Asher

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Aaron ben Moses ben Asher (Hebrew: אהרן בן משה בן אשר‎; Tiberian Hebrew: ʾAhărôn ben Mōšeh benʾĀšēr; 10th century, died c.960) was a Jewish scribe who lived in Tiberias in northern Israel and refined the Tiberian system of writing vowel sounds in Hebrew, which is still in use today, and serves as the basis for grammatical analysis.

Background[]

For over a thousand years ben Asher has been regarded by Jews of all streams as having produced the most accurate version of the Masoretic Text. Since his day, both handwritten manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible and printed versions strove to follow his system and continue to do so. He lived and worked in the city of Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee.

The Aleppo Codex

Ben Asher was descended from a long line of Masoretes, starting with someone called Asher, but nothing is known about them other than their names. His father, Moses ben Asher, is credited with writing the Cairo Codex of the Prophets (895 CE). If authentic, it is among the oldest manuscripts containing a large proportion of the Hebrew Bible. Umberto Cassuto used this manuscript as the basis of his edition of the Hebrew Bible. Aaron ben Asher himself added vowelization and cantillation notes, and mesorah to the Aleppo Codex, correcting its letter-text according to the masorah.

Maimonides accepted the views of ben Asher only in regard to open and closed sections,[citation needed] but apparently admired his work generally and helped to establish and spread his authority. Referring to a Bible manuscript then in Egypt, Maimonides wrote: "All relied on it, since it was corrected by ben Asher and was worked on and analyzed by him for many years, and was proofread many times in accordance with the masorah, and I based myself on this manuscript in the Sefer Torah that I wrote".[1]

First serious scribe[]

Aaron ben Moses ben Asher was the first to take Hebrew grammar seriously. He was the first systematic Hebrew grammarian. His Sefer Dikdukei ha-Te'amim (Grammar or Analysis of the Accents) was an original collection of grammatical rules and masoretic information. Grammatical principles were not at that time considered worthy of independent study. The value of this work is that the grammatical rules presented by ben Asher reveal the linguistic background of vocalization for the first time. He had a tremendous influence on subsequent Biblical grammar and scholarship.

A rival system of note was that developed by the school of ben Naphtali.

Was ben Asher a Karaite?[]

See also: Karaite Judaism

Scholars have long debated as to whether Aaron ben Asher was a Karaite. While many modern scholars lean toward this being true,[2][3][4][5] there is no clear consensus and thus the question remains open.[6]

The idea was first suggested in 1860 by Simhah Pinsker, who argued that Masoretes in general should be ‘suspected’ of being Karaites since they seem to have devoted all of their time to the Bible and showed no interest in rabbinic Midrash or Talmud, which at times contradicts the Masoretic Text. Numerous other pieces of circumstantial evidence were presented to make a strong case, however not strong enough to tip the scales and end the debate.[4][7]

Some examples of evidence include the following:[6]

  • strong parallels to Karaite theology in the way both Aaron and his father Moshe write about all three parts of the Hebrew Bible being equally authoritative in terms of halakha (a classic Karaite position);
  • the Masoretic Text does not follow the order set down in the Talmud (Isaiah after Ezekiel), which was accepted as authoritative by Rabbanites, but rejected by the Karaites (the Masoretic Text also differs from verses quoted in the talmud);
  • the Codex contains a prayer for the protection of the temple, presumably referring to the Karaite temple, as the Rabbanites did not have a temple at the time;
  • writings of the time refer to the Ben Ashers with honorifics more typically used by Karaites (such as melamed "teacher" & maskil "enlightened one");
  • indications that the Codex Cairensis (thought to have been written by his father) was sponsored by a Karaite (based on language used by the sponsor);
  • the fact that the Codex was in the possession of the Karaites (since the time of its inscribed dedication, I.E. even before they ransomed it from the crusades).

A turning point came in the 1950s when Benjamin Klar discovered that an anti-Karaite polemical poem by Sa‘adia Gaon criticized a Karaite masorete by the name of "ben Asher".[6][4][7][a] This fits very well with Sa‘adia's rejection of ben Asher in favor of ben Naftali,[10] as well the fact that, ben Asher nevertheless became accepted as relations between the Karaites and Rabbanites improved. Aron Dotan has dealt with many of the arguments, including Klar's, and also argued that the approval of Maimonides is evidence against the claim.[4][7][6][b] However, according to Zer, few researchers have expressed their support for Dotan’s position.[4] [11]

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ Gatez seems to have already made these connections about 60 years earlier.[8][9]
  2. ^ Although Dotan is credited with this argument, nearly 100 years earlier Isidore Harris too listed the arguments for and against, including the argument from Maimonides approval.[9]

References[]

  1. ^ Cohen, Menachem. "The Idea of the Sanctity of the Biblical Text". users.cecs.anu.edu.au.
  2. ^ Bowker, John (2000). "Aaron ben Moses Ben Asher". The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191727221.
  3. ^ Ben-Hayyim, Zeev (2007). "Ben-Asher, Aaron ben Moses". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 319–321 – via Gale Virtual Reference Library.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Zer, Rafael Isaac (Singer) (19 August 2009). "Was the Masorete of the Aleppo Codex of Rabbanite or of Karaite Origin?". Textus. 24 (1): 239–262. doi:10.1163/2589255X-02401014. ISSN 2589-255X.
  5. ^ Friedmann, Jonathan L. (2015). "Review of: G. Khan, A Short Introduction to the Tiberian Masoretic Bible and its Reading Tradition". Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 15. he makes subtle allusions to his view that the ben Asher family was not Karaite, contrary to popular belief
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Tawil, Hayim; Schneider, Bernard (2010). Crown of Aleppo: The Mystery of the Oldest Hebrew Bible Codex. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 33–37. ISBN 978-0-8276-0957-0.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c Khan, Geoffrey (30 July 2020). "The Role of the Karaites in the Transmission of the Hebrew Bible and Their Practice of Transcribing It into Arabic Script". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World. 8 (2–3): 233–264. doi:10.1163/2212943X-20201013. ISSN 2212-9421.
  8. ^ Graetz, Heinrich (1894). History of the Jews: From the revolt against the Zendik, 511 C.E., to the capture of St. Jean d'Acre by the Mahometans, 1291 C.E. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 207.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Isidore (1889). "The Rise and Development of the Massorah (Concluded)" (PDF). The Jewish Quarterly Review. 1 (3): 247.
  10. ^ "MASORAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  11. ^ See also the Hebrew Wikipedia entry for Ben Asher where are listed counter-arguments to attempts to prove that Ben Asher was a Rabbanite. Wikepedia https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8. Retrieved 13 July 2021. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Further reading[]

  • Aaron Dotan, "Was Aharon Ben Asher Indeed a Karaite?" (Hebrew), in , The Canon and Masorah of the Hebrew Bible: An Introductory Reader (New York: Ktav, 1974).
  • Aaron Dotan, "Ben Asher's Creed" (Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1977).
  • Rafael Zer, "Was the Masorete of the Keter a Rabbanite or Karaite?", Sefunot 23 (2003) Pages 573-587 (Hebrew)

External links[]

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