Abkhaz alphabet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Abkhaz Latin alphabet used 1926–1928 designed by Nicholas Marr[1]
The Abkhaz Latin alphabet used 1928–1938 with corresponding Cyrillic and IPA transcriptions.
Abkhaz alphabet which was based on Georgian script and used from 1938 to 1953.

The Abkhaz alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet used for the Abkhaz language.

Abkhaz did not become a written language until the 19th century. Up until then, Abkhazians, especially princes, had been using Greek (up to c. 9th century), Georgian (9–19th centuries), and partially Turkish (18th century) languages.[2] The Abkhaz word for alphabet is анбан (anban), which was borrowed from Georgian ანბანი (anbani).

The first Abkhaz alphabet was created in 1892 by Dimitry Gulia and K. Machavariani.[3] The script was developed by Peter von Uslar. It had 37 letters and was based on the Cyrillic script.[4] In 1909, it was expanded to 55 letters by Andria Tchotchua to adjust to the extensive consonantal inventory of Abkhaz.

In 1926, during the korenizatsiya policy in the Soviet Union, the Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by a Latin alphabet devised by Nikolay Marr. It featured 76 letters and was called the "Abkhaz analytical alphabet". In 1928, this was replaced by another Latin alphabet. (See illustration at right.) From 1938 to 1954 the Abkhaz language was written in 3 Georgian alphabets: the Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli.

Since 1954, the Abkhaz language has been written in a new 62-letter Cyrillic alphabet (see chart below). Of these, 38 are graphically distinct; the rest are digraphs with ⟨ь⟩ and ⟨ә⟩ which indicate palatalization and labialization, respectively. In 1996, the most recent reform of the alphabet was implemented: while labialization had hitherto been marked with two additional letters, ә and у, since then only ә was retained in this function. Unusually, the Cyrillic plosive letters К П Т represent ejective consonants; the non-ejectives (pulmonic consonants) are derived from these by means of a descender at the bottom of the letter. In the case of the affricates, however, the plain letters are pulmonic, and the derived letters ejective.

The modern Abkhaz orthography gives preference to the letters Г П with descender (Ӷ Ԥ) instead of hook (Ҕ Ҧ). The characters Ԥ and ԥ are encoded in Unicode since version 5.2.[5]

The modern Abkhaz Cyrillic alphabet and transliteration systems
Letter[6] Name ISO[7] TITUS[7] (Chirikba, where different[8]) IPA Value[9]
А а А a а /ɑ/
Б б Бы b b /b/
В в Вы v v /v/
Г г Гы g g /ɡ/
Гь гь Гьы g'[10] g'[10] /ɡʲ/
Гә гә Гәы ga̋ gº /ɡʷ/
Ӷ ӷ Ӷы ğ ɣ /ʁ/
Ӷь ӷь Ӷьы ğ'[10] ɣ'[10] /ʁʲ/
Ӷә ӷә Ӷәы ğa̋ ɣº' /ʁʷ/
Д д Ды d d /d/
Дә дә Дәы da̋ dº /dʷ/
Е е Е e e /e/
Ж ж Жы ž ž /ʐ/
Жь жь Жьы ž' ž' /ʒ/
Жә жә Жәы ža̋ žº /ʒʷ/
З з Зы z z /z/
Ӡ ӡ Ӡы ź ʒ /d͡z/
Ӡә ӡә Ӡәы źa̋ ʒº /d͡ʑʷ/
И и Иы i i /j(i), i(:)/
К к Кы k ḳ (k’) /kʼ/
Кь кь Кьы k' ḳ' (k’') /kʲʼ/
Кә кә Кәы ka̋ ḳº (k’º) /kʷʼ/
Қ қ Қы ķ k /k/
Қь қь Қьы ķ' k' /kʲ/
Қә қә Қәы ķa̋ k'º /kʷ/
Ҟ ҟ Ҟы k̄ q̇ /qʼ/
Ҟь ҟь Ҟьы k̄' q̇ ' (q’') /qʲʼ/
Ҟә ҟә Ҟәы k̄a̋ q̇ º (q’º) /qʷʼ/
Л л Лы l l /l/
М м Мы m m /m/
Н н Ны n n /n/
О о О o o /o/
П п Пы p ṗ (p’) /pʼ/
Ԥ ԥ Ԥы ṕ p /pʰ/
Р р Ры r r /r/
С с Сы s s /s/
Т т Ты t ṭ /tʼ/
Тә тә Тәы ta̋ ṭº /tʷʼ/
Ҭ ҭ Ҭы ţ t /tʰ/
Ҭә ҭә Ҭәы ţa̋ tº /tʰʷ/
У у Уы u w, u, º /u(:),w(ɵ)/
Ф ф Фы f f /f/
Х х Хы h x /χ/
Хь хь Хьы h' x' /χʲ/
Хә хә Хәы ha̋ xº /χʷ/
Ҳ ҳ Ҳы h̦ ḥ /ħ/
Ҳә ҳә Ҳәы h̦a̋ ḥº /ħʷ/
Ц ц Цы c c /t͡sʰ/
Цә цә Цәы ca̋ cº /t͡ɕʰʷ/
Ҵ ҵ Ҵы c̄ c̣ /t͡sʼ/
Ҵә ҵә Ҵәы c̄a̋ c̣º /t͡ɕʷʼ/
Ч ч Чы č č’ /t͡ʃʰ/
Ҷ ҷ Ҷы c̦ c̦’ /t͡ʃʼ/
Ҽ ҽ Ҽы c̆ č /ʈ͡ʂʰ/
Ҿ ҿ Ҿы ̦c̆ [11] č̣ /ʈ͡ʂʼ/
Ш ш Шы š š /ʂ/
Шь шь Шьы š' š' /ʃ/
Шә шә Шәы šw ša̋ /ʃʷ/
Ы ы Ы y ə /ə/
Ҩ ҩ Ҩы ò ʿ° (j°) /ɥ/
Џ џ Џы d̂[10] [10] /ɖ͡ʐ/
Џь џь Џьы d̂ [10] [10] /d͡ʒ/

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Марр, Николай Яковлевич (1864–1934): Абхазский аналитический алфавит. (in: Труды яфетического семинария, vol. I, Leningrad 1926), p. 51, table 2
  2. ^ Бгажба Х. С. Из истории письменности в Абхазии. — Тбилиси. 1967. С. 34
  3. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015-02-06). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442241466.
  4. ^ Campbell, George L. (2000). Compendium of the World's Languages: Abaza to Kurdish. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415202961.
  5. ^ http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3435.pdf
  6. ^ The letters are listed per Hewitt, George (2010). Abkhaz. LINCOM. p. 19.. In Chirikba, Viacheslav A. (2003). Abkhaz. LINCOM GmbH. p. 15. ISBN 3895861367. "Ь" and "Ә" are included as separate letters.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Pedersen, Thomas T. "Transliteration of Abkhaz" (PDF). Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts. Institute of the Estonian Language. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  8. ^ Chirikba, Viacheslav A. (2003). Abkhaz. LINCOM GmbH. pp. 18–21. ISBN 3895861367.
  9. ^ The IPA transcriptions are given per Hewitt, George (2010). Abkhaz. LINCOM. p. 19., but the labialisation is represented by /ʷ/ as in Hewitt, B. G. (1979). "Abkhaz". Lingua Descriptive Studies. 2: 259.. The transcription of vowels is not consistent in the scholarly literature, see Abkhaz phonology#Vowels for details.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h ISO 9 and TITUS transliteration not provided by T. Pedersen
  11. ^ The lower hook is centered

External links[]

Retrieved from ""