Acetylation
Acetylation is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid. It introduces an acetyl functional group into a chemical compound. Such compounds are termed acetate esters or acetates. Deacetylation is the opposite reaction, the removal of an acetyl group from a chemical compound.
Organic synthesis[]
Acetate esters[1] and acetamides[2] are generally prepared by acetylations. Acetylations are often used in making C-acetyl bonds in Friedel-Crafts reactions.[3][4] Carbanions and their equivalents are susceptible to acetylations.[5]
Acetylation reagents[]
Many acetylations are achieved using these three reagents:
- Acetic anhydride. This reagent is common in the laboratory; its use cogenerates acetic acid.[3]
- Acetyl chloride. This reagent is also common in the laboratory, but its use cogenerates hydrogen chloride, which can be undesirable.[4]
- Ketene. At one time acetic anhydride was prepared by the reaction of ketene with acetic acid:[6]
- H2C=C=O + CH3COOH → (CH3CO)2O ΔH = −63 kJ mol−1
This reagent is common in the laboratory; its use cogenerates acetic acid.[3]{{}} Acetylations can also achieved using less electrophilic reagents, such as esters of thioacetic acid.
Acetylation of cellulose[]
Cellulose is a polyol and thus susceptible to acetylation, which is achieved using acetic anhydride. Acetylation disrupts hydrogen bonding, which otherwise dominates the properties of cellulose. Consequently, the cellulose esters are soluble in organic solvents and can be cast into fibers and films.[7]
Acetylation/deacetylation in biology[]
Acetylation is one type of post-translational modification of proteins. The acetylation of the ε-amino group of lysine, which is common, converts a charged side chain to a neutral one.[8] Acetylation/deactylation of histones also plays a role in gene expression and cancer.[9] These modifications are effected by enzymes called histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).[10]
See also[]
- Acetoxy group
- Acylation
- Amide
- Ester
- Organic synthesis
References[]
- ^ F. K. Thayer (1925). "Acetylmandelic Acid and Acetylmandelyl Chloride". Organic Syntheses. 4: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.004.0001.
- ^ Herbst, R. M.; Shemin, D. (1939). "Acetylglycine". Organic Syntheses. 19: 4. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.019.0004.
- ^ a b c F. E. Ray and George Rieveschl, Jr (1948). "2-Acetylfluorene". Organic Syntheses. 28: 3. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.028.0003.
- ^ a b Merritt, Jr., Charles; Braun, Charles E. (1950). "9-Acetylanthracene". Organic Syntheses. 30: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.030.0001.
- ^ Denoon, C. E., Jr.; Adkins, Homer; Rainey, James L. (1940). "Acetylacetone". Organic Syntheses. 20: 6. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.020.0006.
- ^ Arpe, Hans-Jürgen (2007), Industrielle organische Chemie: Bedeutende vor- und Zwischenprodukte (in German) (6th ed.), Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, pp. 200–1, ISBN 978-3-527-31540-6
- ^ Balser, Klaus; Hoppe, Lutz; Eicher, Theo; Wandel, Martin; Astheimer, Hans‐Joachim; Steinmeier, Hans; Allen, John M. (2004). "Cellulose Esters". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_419.pub2.
- ^ Ali, Ibraheem; Conrad, Ryan J.; Verdin, Eric; Ott, Melanie (2018). "Lysine Acetylation Goes Global: From Epigenetics to Metabolism and Therapeutics". Chemical Reviews. 118 (3): 1216–1252. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00181. PMC 6609103. PMID 29405707.
- ^ Bolden, Jessica E.; Peart, Melissa J.; Johnstone, Ricky W. (2006). "Anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 5 (9): 769–784. doi:10.1038/nrd2133. PMID 16955068. S2CID 2857250.
- ^ Shahbazian, Mona D.; Grunstein, Michael (2007). "Functions of Site-Specific Histone Acetylation and Deacetylation". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 76: 75–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.052705.162114. PMID 17362198.
- Organic reactions