Active measures

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For other uses, see Active Measures (disambiguation).
Active measures
KGB Soviet State Police building, 1985.JPEG
Russianактивные мероприятия
RomanizationActive measures
IPA[needs Russian IPA]

Active measures (Russian: активные мероприятия, romanized: aktivnye meropriyatiya) is political warfare conducted by the Soviet or Russian government since the 1920s. It includes offensive programs such as disinformation, propaganda, deception, sabotage, destabilization and espionage. The programs were based on foreign policy priorities of the Soviet Union.[1][2][3]

Active measures have continued in the post-Soviet era in Russia.[4][5]

Description[]

Active measures were conducted by the Soviet and Russian security services (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, KGB, FSB) to influence the course of world events, in addition to collecting intelligence and producing revised assessments of it. Active measures range "from media manipulations to special actions involving various degrees of violence". Beginning in the 1920s, they were used both abroad and domestically.[3]

Active measures includes the establishment and support of international front organizations (e.g., the World Peace Council); foreign communist, socialist and opposition parties; wars of national liberation in the Third World. It also included supporting underground, revolutionary, insurgency, criminal, and terrorist groups. Further the programs counterfeited official documents, assassinations, and political repression, such as penetration into churches, and persecution of political dissidents. The intelligence agencies of Eastern Bloc states also contributed to the program, providing operatives and intelligence for assassinations and other types of covert operations.[3]

Retired KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin, former head of Foreign Counter Intelligence for the KGB (1973–1979), described active measures as "the heart and soul of Soviet intelligence":

Not intelligence collection, but subversion: active measures to weaken the West, to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts, particularly NATO, to sow discord among allies, to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs.[6]

According to the Mitrokhin Archives, active measures was taught in the Andropov Institute of the KGB situated at Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) headquarters in Yasenevo District of Moscow. The head of the "active measures department" was Yuri Modin, former controller of the Cambridge Five spy ring.[3]

History[]

As early as 1923, Joseph Stalin ordered the creation of a . Defector Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed that Joseph Stalin himself coined the term “disinformation” in 1923 by giving it a French sounding name in order to deceive other nations into believing it was a practice invented in France. The noun “disinformation” does not originate from Russia, it is a translation of the French word désinformation.[7][8]

Implementation[]

Guerrillas[]

Promotion of guerrilla organizations worldwide[]

Soviet secret services have been described as "the primary instructors of guerrillas worldwide".[9][10][11] According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, KGB General Aleksandr Sakharovsky once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon."[12] He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". In 1969 alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the KGB-financed PLO.[12]

Lt. General Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed operation "SIG" ("Zionist Governments") that was devised in 1972, to turn the whole Islamic world against Israel and the United States. KGB chairman Yury Andropov allegedly explained to Pacepa that

a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a Nazi-style hatred for the Jews throughout the Islamic world, and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against Israel and its main supporter, the United States[12]

Installing and undermining governments[]

See also: Russia–European Union relations § Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states

After World War II, Soviet security organizations played a key role in installing puppet Communist governments in Eastern Europe, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and later Afghanistan. Their strategy included mass political repressions and establishment of subordinate secret services in all occupied countries.[13][14]

Some of the active measures were undertaken by the Soviet secret services against their own governments or Communist rulers. Russian historians Anton Antonov-Ovseenko and Edvard Radzinsky suggested that Joseph Stalin was killed by associates of NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria, based on the interviews of a former Stalin bodyguard and circumstantial evidence.[15] According to Yevgeniya Albat's allegations, Chief of the KGB Vladimir Semichastny was among the plotters against Nikita Khrushchev in 1964.[16]

KGB chairman Yuri Andropov reportedly struggled for power with Leonid Brezhnev.[17] The Soviet coup attempt of 1991 against Mikhail Gorbachev was organized by KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov.[16] Gen. Viktor Barannikov, then the former State Security head, became one of the leaders of the uprising against Boris Yeltsin during the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993.[16]

The current Russian intelligence service, the SVR, allegedly works to undermine governments of former Soviet satellite states like Poland, the Baltic states[18] and Georgia.[19] During the 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy several Russian GRU case officers were accused by Georgian authorities of preparations to commit sabotage and terrorist acts.[citation needed]

Political assassinations[]

The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed to have had a conversation with Nicolae Ceaușescu, who told him about "ten international leaders the Kremlin killed or tried to kill": László Rajk and Imre Nagy from Hungary; Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej from Romania; Rudolf Slánský and Jan Masaryk from Czechoslovakia; the Shah of Iran; Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, President of Pakistan; Palmiro Togliatti from Italy; John F. Kennedy; and Mao Zedong. Pacepa provided some other claims, such as a plot to kill Mao Zedong with the help of Lin Biao organized by the KGB and alleged that "among the leaders of Moscow's satellite intelligence services there was unanimous agreement that the KGB had been involved in the assassination of President Kennedy."[20]

The second President of Afghanistan, Hafizullah Amin, was killed by the KGB's Alpha Group in Operation Storm-333. Presidents of the unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria organized by Chechen separatists including Dzhokhar Dudaev, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Aslan Maskhadov, and Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev, were killed by the FSB and affiliated forces.

Other widely publicized cases are murders of Russian communist Leon Trotsky and Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov.

There were also allegations that the KGB was behind the assassination attempt against Pope John Paul II in 1981. The Italian Mitrokhin Commission, headed by senator Paolo Guzzanti (Forza Italia), worked on the Mitrokhin Archives from 2003 to March 2006. The Italian Mitrokhin commission received criticism during and after its existence.[21] It was closed in March 2006 without any proof brought to its various controversial allegations, including the claim that Romano Prodi, former prime minister of Italy and former President of the European Commission, was the "KGB's man in Europe." One of Guzzanti's informers, Mario Scaramella, was arrested for defamation and arms trading at the end of 2006.[22]

Puppet rebel forces[]

Operation Trust[]

In "Operation Trust" (1921–1926), the State Political Directorate (OGPU) set up a fake anti-Bolshevik underground organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia". The main success of this operation was luring Boris Savinkov and Sidney Reilly into the Soviet Union, where they were arrested and executed.

Basmachi revolt[]

During the Basmachi Revolt (started 1916) in Central Asia, special military detachments masqueraded as Basmachi forces and received support from British and Turkish intelligence services. The operations of these detachments facilitated the collapse of the Basmachi movement and led to the assassination of Enver Pasha.[23]

Post World War II counter-insurgency operations[]

Following World War II, various partisan organizations in the Baltic States, Poland and Western Ukraine (including some previous collaborators of Germany) fought for independence of their countries against Soviet forces. Many NKVD agents were sent to join and penetrate the independence movements. Puppet rebel forces were also created by the NKVD and permitted to attack local Soviet authorities to gain credibility and exfiltrate senior NKVD agents to the West.[23]

Supporting political movements[]

According to Stanislav Lunev, GRU alone spent more than $1 billion for the peace movements against the Vietnam War, which was a "hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost".[9] Lunev claimed that "the GRU and the KGB helped to fund just about every antiwar movement and organization in America and abroad".[9]

By the 1980s, U.S. intelligence community was skeptical of claims that attempted Soviet influence on the peace movement had a direct influence on the non-aligned part of the movement.[24] However, KGB widespread attempts at influence in the United States, Switzerland, and Denmark targeting the peace movement were known, and the World Peace Council was categorized as a communist front organization by the CIA.[24]

The World Peace Council was established on the orders of the Communist Party of the USSR in the late 1940s and for over forty years carried out campaigns against western, mainly American, military action. Many organisations controlled or influenced by Communists affiliated themselves with it. According to Oleg Kalugin,

... the Soviet intelligence [was] really unparalleled. ... The [KGB] programs—which would run all sorts of congresses, peace congresses, youth congresses, festivals, women's movements, trade union movements, campaigns against U.S. missiles in Europe, campaigns against neutron weapons, allegations that AIDS ... was invented by the CIA ... all sorts of forgeries and faked material—[were] targeted at politicians, the academic community, at [the] public at large. ...[6]

It has been widely claimed that the Soviet Union organised and financed western peace movements; for example, ex–KGB agent Sergei Tretyakov claimed that in the early 1980s the KGB wanted to prevent the United States from deploying nuclear missiles and that they used the Soviet Peace Committee to organize and finance peace demonstrations in western Europe.[25][26][27] (Western intelligence agencies, however, have found minimal evidence of this.)[28][29] Tretyakov made a further uncorroborated claim that "The KGB was responsible for creating the entire nuclear winter story to stop the Pershing II missiles,"[25] and that they fed misinformation to western peace groups and thereby influenced a key scientific paper on the topic by western scientists.[30]

According to intelligence historian Christopher Andrew, the KGB in Britain was unable to infiltrate major figures in the CND, and the Soviets relied on influencing "less influential contacts" which were more receptive to the Moscow line. Andrew wrote that MI5 "found no evidence that KGB funding to the British peace movement went beyond occasional payment of fares and expenses to individuals."[29]

United States[]

Some of the active measures by the USSR against the United States were exposed in the Mitrokhin Archive:[3]

  • Discrediting of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), using historian Philip Agee (codenamed PONT).[citation needed]
  • Stirring up racial tensions in the United States by mailing bogus letters from the Ku Klux Klan, placing an explosive package in "the Negro section of New York" (Operation PANDORA).[31]
  • Planting claims that both John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated by the CIA.[32][33][34][35]
  • In the Middle East in 1975, the KGB claimed to identify 45 statesmen from around the world who had been the victims of successful or unsuccessful CIA assassination attempts over the past decade.[34]
  • Make US military aid to the El Salvador government (increased more than fivefold by the Reagan administration between 1981 and 1984) so unpopular within the United States that public opinion would demand that it be halted. About 150 committees were created in the United States which spoke out against US interference in El Salvador, and contacts were made with US Senators.[34]
  • Starting rumors that fluoridated drinking water was in fact a plot by the US government to affect population control.[32]
  • Fabrication of the story that AIDS virus was manufactured by US scientists at Fort Detrick; the story was spread by Russian-born biologist Jakob Segal.[36] In a secondary role to the KGB during the operation, former East German spymaster Markus Wolf admitted during a visit to Italy in 1998, the role of the HVA in spreading AIDS conspiracy theories.[37]

In 1974, according to KGB statistics, over 250 active measures were targeted against the CIA alone, leading to denunciations of Agency abuses, both real and (more frequently) imaginary[citation needed], in media, parliamentary debates, demonstrations and speeches by leading politicians around the world.[38][34]

Russian Federation active measures, 1991 to present[]

See also: New Cold War and Propaganda in the Russian Federation

Active measures have continued in the post-Soviet era in the Russian Federation and are in many ways based on Cold War schematics.[1]

After the 2014 annexation of Crimea, Kremlin-controlled media spread disinformation about Ukraine's government. In July 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down by a Russian missile over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 passengers. Kremlin-controlled media and online agents spread disinformation, claiming Ukraine had shot down the airplane.[39]

Russia's alleged disinformation campaign, its involvement in the UK's withdrawal from the EU, interference in the 2016 United States presidential election, and its alleged support of far-right movements in the West, has been compared to the Soviet Union's active measures in that it aims to "disrupt and discredit Western democracies".[40][41]

In testimony before the United States Senate Intelligence Committee hearing on the U.S. policy response to Russian interference in the 2016 elections, Victoria Nuland, former US Ambassador to NATO, referred to herself as "a regular target of Russian active measures."[42][43]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b , . "Active measures: Russia’s key export". , No. 64, June 2017.
  2. ^ Testimony of Alexander, Gen. (ret.) Keith B. (March 30, 2017). "Disinformation: A Primer in Russian Active Measures and Influence Campaigns" (PDF). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. p. 1. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mitrokhin, Vasili; Andrew, Christopher (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028487-7. (en.wikipedia) (google books)
  4. ^ Abrams, Steve (2016). "Beyond Propaganda: Soviet Active Measures in Putin's Russia". Connections. 15 (1): 5–31. doi:10.11610/Connections.15.1.01. ISSN 1812-1098. JSTOR 26326426.
  5. ^ Bertelsen, Olga. "Russian Active Measures: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow".
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Interview of Oleg Kalugin on CNN Archived June 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Ion Mihai Pacepa, Ronald J. Rychiak (June 25, 2013). Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism. WND Books, ISBN 978-1936488605, pp. 4-6, 34-39, and 75.
  8. ^ Martin J. Manning, Herbert Romerstein (Nov. 30, 2004). Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda. Greenwood pub., ISBN 978-0313296055, pp. 82-83.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Stanislav Lunev. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4
  10. ^ Viktor Suvorov Inside Soviet Military Intelligence Archived 2005-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9
  11. ^ Viktor Suvorov Spetsnaz Archived 2005-09-10 at the Wayback Machine, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c Russian Footprints – by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, August 24, 2006
  13. ^ Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, Beria, Moscow, 1999
  14. ^ Gordievsky, Oleg; Andrew, Christopher (1990). KGB: The Inside Story. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-48561-2.
  15. ^ Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia—Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
  17. ^ Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepikova (translated by Guy Daniels). Yuri Andropov: a Secret Passage into the Kremlin. London: R. Hale, 1984. ISBN 0-7090-1630-1
  18. ^ Special services of Russian Federation work in the former Soviet Union (Russian) Archived 2007-02-12 at the Wayback Machine – by Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan, Novaya Gazeta, 27 March 2006.
  19. ^ Moscow Accused of Backing Georgian Revolt Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Olga Allenova and Vladimir Novikov, Kommersant, September 7, 2006.
  20. ^ "The Kremlin's Killing Ways" Archived 2007-08-08 at the Wayback Machine by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, November 28, 2006
  21. ^ L'Unità, 1 December 2006.
  22. ^ The Guardian, 2 December 2006. "Spy expert at centre of storm".
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Yossef Bodansky The Secret History of the Iraq War (Notes: The historical record). Regan Books, 2005, ISBN 0-06-073680-1
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Vinocur, John (1983-07-26). "K.G.B. OFFICERS TRY TO INFILTRATE ANTIWAR GROUPS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Pete Earley, "Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War", Penguin Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-399-15439-3, pages 167-177
  26. ^ Opposition to The Bomb: The fear, and occasional political intrigue, behind the ban-the-bomb movements Archived April 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ 1982 Article "Moscow and the Peace, Offensive" Archived 2008-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Central Intelligence Agency, "International Connection of US Peace Groups
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b Andrew, Christopher M. (2009). The defence of the realm : the authorized history of MI5. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9885-6. OCLC 421785376.
  30. ^ Paul Crutzen and John Birks, "The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon", Ambio, 11, 1982, pp.114-125
  31. ^ Andrew, Christopher (2001). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00312-5.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Russian fake news is not new: Soviet Aids propaganda cost countless lives, The Guardian.
  33. ^ Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, vol. 1, ch. 14
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin. Mitrokhin Archive II The KGB in the World.
  35. ^ Holland, Max. The Lie that Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination.
  36. ^ "Lessons From Operation "Denver," the KGB's Massive AIDS Disinformation Campaign". The MIT Press Reader. 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  37. ^ Selvage, Douglas (2019-10-01). "Operation "Denver": The East German Ministry of State Security and the KGB's AIDS Disinformation Campaign, 1985–1986 (Part 1)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 21 (4): 71–123. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_00907. ISSN 1520-3972.
  38. ^ Mitrokhin Archive. vol. 3 pak, app. 3, item 410
  39. ^ "Russian disinformation distorts American and European democracy". The Economist. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  40. ^ "The motherlands calls: Russian propaganda is state-of-the-art again". The Economist. 10 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  41. ^ "Russia Is Already Winning". Politico Magazine. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  42. ^ CSPAN, Senate Intelligence Committee on the policy response to Russian interference in the 2016 elections: Victoria Nuland testimony, June 20, 2018. URL accessed July 19, 2018
  43. ^ HEARING BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE "OPEN HEARING: POLICY RESPONSE TO THE RUSSIAN INTERFERENCE IN THE 2016 U.S. ELECTIONS" JUNE 20, 2018

Further reading[]

Library resources about
Active measures
  • , (June 2017). Active Measures: Russia's key export. Centre for Eastern Studies. ISBN 978-83-65827-03-6.
  • Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books (2005), hardcover, 677 pages, ISBN 0-465-00311-7.
  • Ishmael Jones, The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture, New York: Encounter Books (2010). (ISBN 978-1-59403-223-3).
  • DFRLab Team, Operation Secondary Infektion (undated; PDF).

External links[]

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