Adenia

Adenia
	Adenia pechuelii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Passifloraceae
Subfamily:
Tribe:
Genus:	Adenia; Forssk.
Species
	about 100, see text
Synonyms
	Blepharanthes Sm., nom. inval.; Clemanthus Klotzsch; Echinothamnus Engl.; Erythrocarpus M.Roem.; Jaeggia Schinz; Keramanthus Hook.f.; Kolbia P.Beauv.; Machadoa Welw. ex Hook.f.; Microblepharis (Wight & Arn.) M.Roem.; Modecca Lam.; Ophiocaulon Hook.f.; Paschanthus Burch.;

Adenia is a genus of flowering plants in the passionflower family, Passifloraceae. It is distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.^[1] The centers of diversity are in Madagascar, eastern and western tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia.^[2] The genus name Adenia comes from "aden",^[3] reported as the Arabic name for the plant by Peter Forsskål, the author of the genus.^[4]

Description[]

All Adenia are perennial plants, but there are many different forms, including herbs, vines, lianas, shrubs, and trees.^[5] Many are succulents and some are pachycauls. Some have fibrous root systems and some have tubers.^[5] Adenia can be found in a wide variety of habitat types, from dry African deserts to wet Southeast Asian rainforests.^[5] There are some 100 species in the genus.^[6]

Adenia have alternately arranged leaves borne on petioles. There are two glands located near the attachment of the blade to the petiole.^[1] Most species are dioecious.^[5] Inflorescences of a few to many flowers occur in the leaf axils. There is a stipe below the flower. The calyx of sepals around the base of the flower has five lobes. The five petals are usually smaller than the sepals and may be whitish or greenish. The male flower has five stamens. In the female flower these are reduced to staminodes. There are three styles tipped with stigmas that may be long-hairy to very woolly. The fruit is a red capsule. Each black seed has a fleshy aril.^[1]

Adenia species can be difficult to identify and distinguish. Individuals of a species can be variable. One plant can have leaves of varying shapes and sizes, and young and old specimens can have different leaf types. Some taxa are poorly represented in herbarium collections, leaving few examples to compare with new specimens. Records of some taxa lack descriptions of both flower types. Many species only flower for a few weeks, and during this time they may also lose their leaves. Succulent plants can be difficult to properly collect and preserve.^[2]

Uses[]

Several species are used in traditional African medicine. Various parts of A. cissampeloides are used to treat many conditions, including gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, pain, fever, malaria, leprosy, scabies, cholera, anemia, bronchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, menorrhagia, and mental illness.^[7] It is used both as an abortifacient and to prevent miscarriage.^[7] A. dinklagei leaves are ingested to treat palpitations. The leaves of A. tricostata are used to treat fever. The leaves or leaf sap of A. bequaertii are taken to treat headache, mental illness, and possession.^[7] A. lobata stems are applied to sites of Guinea worm infection during extraction of the worm. It is also used as an enema and an aphrodisiac.^[8]

A. cissampeloides is used as a fish poison and arrow poison. The red-colored sap is used as a cosmetic. The stems can be made into rope. The crushed twigs or smoke from burning roots can be used to calm honeybees during honey harvest.^[7]

The leaves of A. cissampeloides are eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.^[7]

A. digitata is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its very large, distinctive aboveground tuber.^[9]

Toxicity[]

Many Adenia are poisonous. They contain lectins such as lanceolin, stenodactylin, and volkensin, which are toxic to cells. They cause apoptosis, hemagglutination, inhibition of protein synthesis, and depurination of ribosomes and DNA.^[10] Mouse experiments with small doses of lanceolin and stenodactylin, from A. lanceolata and A. stenodactyla, respectively, revealed that they are "amongst the most potent toxins of plant origin".^[11]

The fruit of A. digitata has been used in Africa to commit homicide and suicide.^[9]

Diversity[]

Adenia fruticosa

Adenia hondala

There are approximately 100 species in the genus.^[1]^[2]

Species include:^[12]^[13]

Engl.
Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms – monkey rope, snake climber, wild granadilla
(Baker) Harms
Adenia digitata Engl.
Harms
(Drake ex Jum.) Harms
Hayata
Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy
Adenia glauca Schinz
Adenia globosa Engl.
^[14]
Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde
Harms
^[2]
^[2]
(Jacq.) Engl.
^[2]
^[2]
Claverie
Adenia pechuelii Harms
Burtt Davy
Adenia subsessilifolia H.Perrier
Forssk. – akerbia
Harms – kiliambiti

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Adenia. Flora of China.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hearn, David J. (2007). "Novelties in Adenia (Passifloraceae): Four New Species, a New Combination, a Vegetative Key, and Diagnostic Characters for Known Madagascan Species". Brittonia. 59 (4): 308–27. doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2007)59[308:NIAPFN]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 30218764.
^ Eggli, U.; Newton, L.E. (2004). Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-540-00489-9. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
^ Peter Forsskål. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. 1775. page 77
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Hearn, David J. (2006). "Adenia (Passifloraceae) and its adaptive radiation: phylogeny and growth form diversification". Systematic Botany. 31 (4): 805–21. doi:10.1600/036364406779695933. JSTOR 25064211. S2CID 86541538.
^ http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Passifloraceae/Adenia/
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Grace, O. M. and D. Fowler. 2007. Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms. Archived 8 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
^ Zimudzi, C. 2007. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b de Ruijter, A. 2007. Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
^ Mercatelli D, Bortolotti M, Andresen V, et al. (May 2020). "Early Response to the Plant Toxin Stenodactylin in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Involves Inflammatory and Apoptotic Signaling". Front. Pharmacol. 11: 630. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00630. PMC 7226368. PMID 32457623.
^ Stirpe F, Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, et al. (July 2007). "Characterization of highly toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Adenia lanceolata and Adenia stenodactyla (Passifloraceae)". Toxicon. 50 (1): 94–105. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.020. PMID 17434551.
^ GRIN Species Records of Adenia. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
^ Adenia. Madagascar Catalogue. eFloras.
^ The Australasian Virtual Herbarium