Al-Shawkani

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Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah al-Shawkani
TitleShaykh al-Islam, Imam, Qadi[1]
Personal
Born1759 CE /1173 AH
Died1839 CE /1255 AH
Sana'a, Yemen
ReligionIslam
NationalityYemeni
RegionYemen
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceIjtihad
MovementSalafiyya[2][3]
Main interest(s)Fiqh, Hadith, Aqeedah
Notable work(s)Nayl al-Awtar
OccupationHistoriographer, bibliographer, Islamic scholar, jurist
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced
Arabic name
Personal
(Ism)		Muḥammad
محمد
Patronymic
(Nasab)		ibn ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allah
بن علي بن محمد بن عبدالله
Teknonymic
(Kunya)		Abu ʻAlī
أبو علي
Toponymic
(Nisba)		Al-Shawkānī
الشوكاني

Muḥammad al-Shawkānī (1759–1839[6]) was a Yemeni scholar of Islam, jurist and reformer.

Name[]

His full name was Muhammad Ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Shawkani.[7] The surname "ash-Shawkani" is derived from Hijrah ash-Shawkan, which is a town outside Sanaa[8]

Biography[]

Born into a Zaydi Shi'a Muslim family, ash-Shawkani later on adopted the ideology within Sunni Islam and called for a return to the textual sources of the Quran and hadith. As a result, he opposed much of the Zaydi doctrine.[9] He also opposed Sufism.[10] He is considered as a mujtahid, or authority to whom others in the Muslim community have to defer in details of religious law. Of his work issuing fatwas, ash-Shawkani stated "I acquired knowledge without a price and I wanted to give it thus."[11] Part of the fatwa-issuing work of many noted scholars typically is devoted to the giving of ordinary opinions to private questioners. Ash-Shawkani refers both to his major fatwas, which were collected and preserved as a book, and to his "shorter" fatwas, which he said "could never be counted" and which were not recorded.[12]

He is credited with developing a series of syllabi for attaining various ranks of scholarship and used a strict system of legal analysis based on Sunni thought. He insisted that the ulama were required to ask for textual evidence, that the gate of ijtihad was not closed and that the mujtahid was to do ijtihad independent of any maddhab, a view which stemmed from his opposition to taqlid for a mujtahid, which he deemed to be a vice with which the Shariah had been inflicted.[13]

Al-Shawkani wrote the book Nayl al-Autar, a major reference in Islamic law. He also wrote several treatises condemning various popular mystical practices which he viewed to be shirk (polytheism). He praised the contemporary Arabian Islamic refomer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) who had advocated for similar views and refuted his Yemeni theological opponents in correspondence. Upon hearing the death of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Shawkani wrote a poem praising his efforts to eradicate shirk, defend Tawhid and his call to Quran and Hadith.[14][15] The Imam of Yemen Mansur Ali appointed Shawkani as the Chief Qadi of Yemen in 1795, an office he held until his death. Acting as Mansur's secretary, Shawkani often corresponded with the leaders of the Emirate of Diriyah between 1807 and 1813.[16] Defending the Saudi rulers, Shawkani refuted the allegations that they were from the Khawarij since they followed Ibn Abd al-Wahhab who learned Hadith from the scholars of Medina and they campaigned against superstitious beliefs prevalent in Najd acting upon the views of the Hanbali scholars Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.[17]

Legacy[]

Salafis in Saada, would later claim ash-Shawkani as an intellectual precursor, and future Yemeni regimes would uphold his Sunnization policies as a unifier of the country[18] and to undermine Zaydi Shi'ism.[19]

Beyond Yemen, his works are widely used in Sunni schools.[20] He also profoundly influenced the Ahl-i Hadith in the Indian subcontinent (such as Siddiq Hasan Khan) and Salafis across the globe.[21]

Works[]

He has been described as "an erudite, prolific, and original writer who composed more than 150 books (many of which are multivolume works)",[22] some of his publications including

  • Nayl al-Awtar
  • Fath al-Qadir, a well known tafsir (exegesis)
  • al-Badr at-tali [23]
  • Tuhfatu al-Dhakirin – Sharh Uddatu Hisna al-Haseen: a superb one volume commentary on the collection "Uddatu Hisna al-Haseen", on ahadith of Adhkar, by Ibn Al-Jazari (d. 833H)
  • Al-Fawaid al-Majmu'ah Fil Ahadith ul Mau'zoo'ah a collection of fabricated hadith
  • Irshad ul Fuhool – a book on Usul al-fiqh
  • Ad-Durur ul-Bahiyyah fil-Masaa'il il-Fiqhiyyah - a concise Fiqh manual
  • Ad-Daraaree Al-Mudhiyyah Sharh ud-Durur il-Bahiyyah - his detailed explanation of his Fiqh manual, Ad-Durur
  • Adab ut-Talab wa Muntaha al-Arab - advice on the etiquette and manners of one who is seeking Islamic knowledge
  • Al-Qawl ul-Mufeed fee Hukm it-Taqleed - An explanation of the ruling regarding blind following (Taqleed) of the opinions of Fiqh schools (Madhaahib) and its harms.
  • Al-Sayl al-jarrar - includes the denunciation of a text written by the Zaydi Imam Al-Mahdi Ahmad bin Yahya.[24]

See also[]

  • List of Islamic scholars

References[]

  • Revival and Reform in Islam: The Legacy of Muhammad al-Shawkani by Bernard Haykel
  1. ^ ibn Ali al Shawkani, Muhammad (2009). A Critique of the ruling of Al-Taqlid. Birmingham, UK: Dar al Arqam Publishing. pp. 3–4, 12–13. ISBN 978-1-9164756-4-9.
  2. ^ Ali, Mohamed Bin. "Salafis, salafism and modern salafism: what lies behind a term?." (2015).
  3. ^ Riddell, Peter G. "Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu tazilism from medieval school to modern symbol." Islam & Christian Muslim Relations 9.3 (1998): 376.
  4. ^ Nafi, Basheer M. "Abu al-Thana'al-Alusi: An Alim, Ottoman Mufti, and Exegete of the Qur'an." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34.3 (2002): 465-494. "...al-Shawkani (1760-1834), were all, in varying degrees, interested in Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual legacy."
  5. ^ Oxford University Press (1 May 2010). Islam in Yemen: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780199804351.
  6. ^ Fatwa / What does "family" mean?
  7. ^ “Dogs in the Islamic Tradition and Nature” (Article Included)
  8. ^ al-Badr at-Taali' bi Mahaasin man Ba'd al-Qarn as-Sabi' , vol. 2 pg.214
  9. ^ Farhad Daftary (2 Dec 2013). A History of Shi'i Islam (revised ed.). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857735249. In his view, Zaydi theological and legal teachings had no basis in revelation but reflected the unsubstantiated opinions of the Zaydi imams and therefore had to be rejected.
  10. ^ Farhad Daftary (2 Dec 2013). A History of Shi'i Islam (revised ed.). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857735249. Al-Shawkani also manifested the general Zaydi, as well as traditionist Sunni, aversion towards Sufism.
  11. ^ cited in Messick, Brinkly The Calligraphic State:Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society, Berkeley 1993, p.145
  12. ^ cited in Messick, Brinkly The Calligraphic State:Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society, Berkeley 1993, p.150
  13. ^ Hallaq, Wael B. (1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. Cambridge University Press. 16 (1): 32–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939.
  14. ^ Abualrab, Jalal (2013). Biography and Mission of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA: Madinah Publishers and Distributors. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-9856326-9-4.CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. ^ ul Haq, Asim (August 2011). "Al Imam al-Shawkani (d. 1250H) on the Writings, Da'wah and Adversaries of Shaykh Muhammad Bin Abd Al-Wahhab". 'Wahhabis'.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014.
  16. ^ Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th century Islam" (PDF). Die Welt des Islams. University of Amsterdam. XX, 3–4: 134. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019.
  17. ^ ul Haq, Asim (16 September 2020). "Al Shawkani refuted the notion that followers of Shaykh Muhammad bin Abdil Wahaab are Khawarij". System of Life. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021.
  18. ^ Barak A. Salmoni; Bryce Loidolt; Madeleine Wells (28 Apr 2010). Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen: The Huthi Phenomenon. Rand Corporation. p. 72. ISBN 9780833049742.
  19. ^ Farhad Daftary (2 Dec 2013). A History of Shi'i Islam (revised ed.). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857735249. Since 1962, republicans in Yaman have continuously used al-Shawkani's teachings and works to undermine the past doctrines of the Zaydi imamate and Zaydi Shi'ism itself. The modern Yamani state has indeed pursued an anti-Zaydi policy in the guise of Islamic reform, drawing extensively on al-Shawkani's teachings.
  20. ^ Oxford University Press (1 May 2010). Islam in Yemen: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780199804351.
  21. ^ Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan, eds. (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 507. ISBN 9780691134840.
  22. ^ Ahmad S. Dallal, Islam without Europe: Traditions of Reform in Eighteenth-Century Islamic Thought, UNC Press Books (2018), p. 11
  23. ^ Fatawa of the rightly guided Imams on Mawlid
  24. ^ Farhad Daftary (2 Dec 2013). A History of Shi'i Islam (revised ed.). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857735249. In his book entitled al-Sayl al-jarrar, al-Shawkani denounced the Kitab al-azhar fi fiqh al-a'immat al-athar of Imam al-Mahdi Ahmad b. Yahya al-Murtada (d. 830/1437), the legal corpus of opinions recognised by the , which, according to him, represented opinions not rooted in the revelation.

Further reading[]

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