Amanita pantherina

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Amanita pantherina
Amanita pantherina 2013 G1.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. pantherina
Binomial name
Amanita pantherina
(DC.) Krombh. (1846)
Amanita pantherina
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is flat
hymenium is free
stipe has a ring and volva
spore print is white
ecology is mycorrhizal
edibility: poisonous or psychoactive

Amanita pantherina, also known as the panther cap, false blusher, and the panther amanita[1] due to its similarity to the true blusher (Amanita rubescens), is a species of fungus found in Europe and Western Asia.

Description[]

Amanita pantherina compared to closely related species
  • Cap: 5–18 cm wide,[2] hemispheric at first, then convex to plano-convex, deep brown to hazel-brown to pale ochraceous brown, densely distributed warts that are pure white to sordid cream, minutely verruculose, floccose, easily removable. Viscid when wet, with a short striate margin. The flesh is white, unchanging when injured.
  • Gills: adnexed to free,[2] close to crowded, white becoming greyish, truncate.
  • Spores: white in deposit, smooth, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid to elongate, inamyloid,[2] infrequently globose. 8–14 x 6–10 µm.[3]
  • Stipe: 5–15 cm long × .6–3 cm wide,[2] subcyclindric, somewhat narrowing upward, white, becoming slightly tannish in age, stuffed then hollow, finely floccose becoming smooth above the ring, and with small appressed squamules or creamy floccose material below. The volva is white, becoming grey with age, forming one or sometimes two narrow hoop-like rings just above the bulbous base. The flesh is white, unchanging when injured.
  • Odour: Unpleasant or like raw potatoes

Other than the brownish cap with white warts, distinguishing features of Amanita pantherina include the collar-like roll of volval tissue at the top of the basal bulb, and the elliptical, inamyloid spores. Contrary to the Amanita rubescens the panther cap does not color red/pink ("blush") when the flesh is damaged, hence its name "false blusher". This is a key feature in differentiating both species.

Habitat and distribution[]

The panther cap is an uncommon mushroom, found in both deciduous, especially beech and, less frequently, coniferous woodland and rarely meadows throughout Europe, western Asia in late summer and autumn.[4] It has also been recorded from South Africa, where it is thought to have been accidentally introduced with trees imported from Europe, Asia[5] and on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada.[6] It is common in urban areas from winter to spring.[7]

It is an ectomycorrhizal fungus, living in root symbiosis with a tree, deriving photosynthesised nutrients from it and providing soil nutrients in return.

Biochemistry and toxicity[]

A. pantherina contains the psychoactive compound muscimol,[8] but is used as an entheogen much less often than its much more distinguishable relative Amanita muscaria. The average potency of the A. pantherina is greater than that of A. muscaria, but it is unclear by how much.[9][better source needed] The ibotenic acid concentration is usually higher in A. pantherina, particularly dark brown specimens.[7] A. pantherina var. pantherinoides is considered inedible and possibly poisonous.[2] Varieties multisquamosa and velatipes are considered poisonous.[10]

Legal status[]

Main article: Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms

A. muscaria and A. pantherina are illegal to buy, sell, or possess in the Netherlands since December 2008. Possession of amounts larger than 0.5 g dried or 5 g fresh lead to a criminal charge.[11]

See also[]

Gallery[]

  • Amanita pantherina 100.jpg
  • Amanita pantherina100.jpg
  • Amanita pantherina MdE 1.jpg
  • Amanita.pantherina2.-.lindsey.jpg
  • Amanita pantherina.jpg

  • Amanita ameripathera

References[]

  1. ^ "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
  3. ^ Kuo, M. (2005, March). Amanita pantherina. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_pantherina.html
  4. ^ Jordan P & Wheeler S (2001). The Ultimate Mushroom Book. Hermes House.
  5. ^ Asef M.R. (2020). Field guide of Mushrooms of Iran. Tehran: Iran-Shanasi Press. p. 360. ISBN 9786008351429.
  6. ^ Reid DA, Eicker A (1991). "South African fungi: the genus Amanita" (PDF). Mycological Research. 95: 80–95. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81364-6. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
  7. ^ a b Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  8. ^ Barceloux D. G. (2008). "41 (Isoxazole-containing mushrooms and pantherina syndrome)" (PDF). Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals. Canada: John Wiley and Sons Inc. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-471-72761-3.
  9. ^ "Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas (A. muscaria & A. pantherina) Vault: Basics". erowid.org. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  10. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  11. ^ Openbaar Ministerie (12-01-2008). Paddoverbod van kracht Archived 2012-09-05 at archive.today. Retrieved 5 May 2016.

External links[]

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