Amethyst woodstar

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Amethyst woodstar
Calliphlox amethystina (male).jpg
Calliphlox amethystina.jpg
male (above) and female (below)

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Tribe: Mellisugini
Genus: Calliphlox
F. Boie, 1831
Species:
C. amethystina
Binomial name
Calliphlox amethystina
Boddaert, 1783
Calliphlox amethystina map.svg
Range

The amethyst woodstar (Calliphlox amethystina) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is the only member of the genus Calliphlox. It is found in most of central, and eastern South America proper, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname-(the Guianas), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The bird's range surrounds the Amazon countries into the Andes foothills and higher elevations of upstream river systems, but is not along the Amazon River proper in the central Amazon Basin, or the central upper Basin; it is in Brazil at the river's outlet, and upstream for about 500 km.

At 7.5 cm (3 in) and under 3 grams in weight, this is one of the smallest birds in existence.[2] It has a generalist diet of nearby flower nectar and insects in flight.[3] This species is generally poorly understood due to its rarity. Said rarity has also made it difficult to set a concrete conservation status (some even considering it as critical).[4]

There is a hypothesized hybrid between this species and Chlorostilbon aureoventris dubbed Calliphlox iridescens Gould.[5]

Taxonomy[]

The amethyst woodstar was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1781 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[6] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[7] Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Trochilus amethystinus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[8] The type locality is Cayenne in French Guiana.[9] The amethyst woodstar is now placed in the genus Calliphlox that was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1831.[10][11] The species is monotypic.[11] The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek kalliphlox meaning "beautifully blazing". The specific epithet is Latin for "amethyst-coloured".[12]

The genus Calliphlox, which presently only contains C. amethystina, formerly also had several other species classified within it; the Bahama woodstar, Inagua woodstar, purple-throated woodstar, and magenta-throated woodstar. However, a molecular phylogenetic study of the hummingbird family published in 2014 found that Calliphlox was polyphyletic.[13] The polyphyly was confirmed in 2017 by a more detailed study restricted to species in tribe Mellisugini.[14] Based on these results, the genus Nesophlox was resurrected for the Bahama woodstar and the Inagua woodstar.[15] Later, the genus Philodice was resurrected to accommodate the purple-throated woodstar and the magenta-throated woodstar.[16][17]

Habitat[]

The amethyst woodstar's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

References[]

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Calliphlox amethystina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  3. ^ "Amethyst Woodstar - Introduction | Neotropical Birds Online". neotropical.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  4. ^ Graves, Gary. "EL PICAFLOR AMATISTA (Calliphlox amethystina) EN LA ARGENTINA (THE AMETHYST WOODSTAR (Calliphlox amethystina) IN ARGENTINA)" (PDF). Revista Nuestras Aves. 53: 39–41.
  5. ^ Graves, Gary (June 1999). "Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves : Trochilidae). 7. Probable parentage of Calliphlox iridescens Gould, 1860". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 112 (2): 443–450. hdl:10088/12855.
  6. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). "L'améthiste". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Volume 11. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 20–21. |volume= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Petit oiseau-mouche à queue fourchue, de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Volume 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 672 Fig. 1. |volume= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 41, Number 672 Fig. 1.
  9. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 135. |volume= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ Boie, Friedrich (1831). "Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen". Isis von Oken (in German). Cols 538–548 [544].
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Hummingbirds". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  12. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 45, 85. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  13. ^ McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.
  14. ^ Licona-Vera, Yuyini; Ornelas, Juan Francisco (2017). "The conquering of North America: dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 126. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5.
  15. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Hummingbirds". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  16. ^ Donsker, David B.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Mason, Nicholas A. (September 2020). "Proposal 886: Resurrect Philodice as a separate genus from Calliphlox". South American Classification Committee, American Ornithological Society. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  17. ^ Donsker, David B.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Mason, Nicholas A. (8 September 2020). Proposal 2021-A-12: Resurrect Philodice as a separate genus from Calliphlox (PDF) (Report). North American Classification Committee, American Ornithological Society. pp. 63–66.

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