Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria

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This article is about the daughter of Maria Theresa. For the daughter of Ferdinand I, see Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany.
Archduchess Maria Johanna
Johanna Gabrielle of Austria 1762 by Liotard.jpg
Portrait by Jean-Étienne Liotard
Born(1750-02-04)4 February 1750
Hofburg Palace, Vienna
Died23 December 1762(1762-12-23) (aged 12)
Hofburg Palace, Vienna
Burial
Imperial Crypt
Names
Maria Joanna Gabriella Josepha Antonia
HouseHabsburg-Lorraine
FatherFrancis I, Holy Roman Emperor
MotherMaria Theresa
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Archduchess Maria Johanna of Austria (English: Maria Joanna Gabriella Josepha Antonia; German: Maria Johanna Gabriele Josefa Antonia; 4 February 1750 – 23 December 1762) was an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Tuscany, Hungary and Bohemia as the eleventh child and eighth daughter of Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa. She was described as likeable and good-natured, but died aged 12 of smallpox.[1]

Early life and education[]

Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela Josepha Antonia, commonly called Johanna, was born at the Vienna Hofburg on 4 February 1750 as the eleventh child and eighth daughter of Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. One year later, she was joined by a sister, Maria Josepha (known as Josepha).

Johanna Gabriela and her favourite sister, Josepha

Maria Johanna was part of a string of children born soon after one another and was thus placed in the Kindskammer (the imperial nursery) along with her siblings Josepha, Maria Carolina, Ferdinand Charles, Maria Antonia and Maximilian Francis; they were mainly looked after by ladies-in-waiting and their attendants. At the age of five, Johanna received her own suite of rooms in the imperial palace and some additional tutors. She had a good relationship with her siblings, albeit with the regular fraternal quarrels, as Maria Theresa encouraged her children to get along.[2][3]

Johanna was very close to her sister Maria Josepha; the two were educated together and had the same tutors.[2][4] The girls enjoyed a varied education which was closely monitored by their parents. Due to her untimely death, Johanna's education covered only one phase of the two that Maria Theresa had created for her children: she studied Reading, Writing, Latin, French , Italian , Greek , Spanish , German , English , History , Geography, Land Surveying, , Mathematics, Music, Dancing and Gymnastics as well as Religious Studies from the age of three.[5]

Additionally, Johanna was highly educated in making music and dancing, both subjects her mother loved and had excelled at in her own childhood. While the boys were taught to play different instruments, Johanna and her sisters were given singing lessons. A special theatre was built at Schönbrunn especially for the children; Johanna and her siblings gave frequent musical performances. Another very important part of the Archduchess's education was art: she was educated in drawing and painting, a field where the girls particularly excelled.[6] All in all, Johanna and Josepha "developed satisfactory, worked hard at their lessons and were involved in numerous festivities in which they participated enthusiastically."[4]

Betrothal and death[]

Johanna, as depicted in a mural by Franz Anton Maulbertsch in the Hofburg (Innsbruck), representing the four daughters of Maria Theresa who died in childhood

Maria Theresa pursued a deliberate marriage policy to which all of her children had to submit. Thus, she married most of her children off throughout Europe. She and King Charles III of Spain agreed that Maria Theresa's fourth daughter, Archduchess Maria Amalia, would marry Charles III's son, King Ferdinand III of Sicily and IV of Naples; but Charles later wanted to break off the engagement due to Amalia being five years older than Ferdinand. Since Johanna was just one year older than Ferdinand, she was betrothed to Ferdinand at the age of twelve.[7]

Her sarcophagus in the Imperial Crypt

In the second half of the eighteenth century, smallpox was ravaging the Holy Roman Empire. Leopold Mozart, father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, wrote that "in the whole of Vienna, nothing was spoken of except smallpox. If 10 children were on the death register, 9 of them had died from smallpox."[8] Johanna's older brother Karl Joseph died of smallpox in 1761. In December 1762, Johanna caught the disease and died on 23 December; her painful death was described by her sister-in-law Isabella of Parma.[9] Her mother Maria Theresa found comfort in the fact that before her death Johanna made a complete confession of her sins to a Catholic priest. To Johanna´s sister Maria Christina, she wrote: "Your sister has confessed her sins for three-quarters of an hour, with a preciseness, repentance and devotion which brought her confessor to tears; since then, she is very weak. I cannot thank the loving God enough that he gives me this comfort; I give her completely into his hand and expect that her destiny cannot be anything than happy."[9]

The loss of Johanna to smallpox, along with that of other members of the family, contributed to Maria Theresa´s decision in September 1768 to have the younger members of her family inoculated, and the subsequent acceptance of smallpox inoculation in Austria.[10]

Ancestry[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Kaisergruft: Johanna Gabriela". Kaisergruft. kaisergruft.at. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Iby 2009, p. 29.
  3. ^ Iby 2009, p. 34.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Iby 2009, p. 57.
  5. ^ Iby 2009, p. 32.
  6. ^ Iby 2009, p. 33.
  7. ^ Mahan 1932, p. 295f.
  8. ^ Magiels 2010, p. 21.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Stollberg-Rilinger 2017, p. 507.
  10. ^ Stollberg-Rilinger 2017, p. 507-514.
  11. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 1.

Bibliography[]

  • Iby, Elfriede (2009). Maria Theresa: Biography of a Monarch (1st ed.). Schloß Schönbrunn. ISBN 978-3-901568-57-2.
  • Magiels, Geerdt (2010). From Sunlight to Inlight (1st ed.). VUBPrint. ISBN 9789054876458.
  • Mahan, Jabez Alexander (1932). Maria Theresa of Austria. New York: Crowell.
  • Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2017). Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-69748-7.
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