Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Joanna of Austria | |
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Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany | |
Tenure | 21 April 1574 – 11 April 1578 |
Born | 24 January 1547 Prague, Bohemia |
Died | 11 April 1578 Florence, Tuscany | (aged 31)
Burial | |
Spouse | Francesco I de' Medici |
Issue among others... | Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat Anna de' Medici Maria, Queen of France and Navarre Philip, Grand Prince of Tuscany |
House | Habsburg |
Father | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor |
Mother | Anna of Bohemia and Hungary |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Joanna of Austria (German Johanna von Österreich, Italian Giovanna d'Austria) (24 January 1547 – 11 April 1578) was an Archduchess of Austria. By marriage, she was the Grand Princess of Tuscany and later the Grand Duchess of Tuscany. One of her daughters was Marie de' Medici, second wife of King Henry IV of France.
Family[]
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Joanna was born in Prague, the youngest of 15 children, the youngest daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[1] and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. She never knew her mother and eldest sister as her mother died two days after Joanna's birth and her sister Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of Poland, died two years before Joanna was born.
Her paternal grandparents were Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile. Her maternal grandparents were King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary, and Anna of Foix-Candale. Through her father, Joanna was also a descendant of Isabella I of Castile and Mary of Burgundy.
Marriage[]
Her marriage to Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, took place on 18 December 1565 in Florence, after she solemnly arrived in the city by the . Giorgio Vasari and Vincenzo Borghini, with the help of Giovanni Caccini made big festivities for these event. The party was also taken to the Medici Villa in Poggio a Caiano.
Nevertheless, Joanna was homesick and unhappy. Ignored by her husband, and despised by the Florentines for her Austrian hauteur, she never felt at home in Florence.
Her father-in-law, Cosimo I de' Medici, was reasonably kind to Joanna. He had the courtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio specially decorated for her; the lunettes were painted with murals of Austrian towns by pupils of Vasari, and Verrocchio's Putto with Dolphin fountain was brought down from the Careggi villa where it had been set up in the garden by Lorenzo de' Medici.
The position of Joanna in the Florentine court was a difficult one: between 1567 and 1575, she gave birth to six daughters, of whom only three survived infancy. The absence of a male heir to continue the dynasty was the cause of constant conflict with her husband, who preferred the company of his mistress Bianca Cappello, who gave birth to a son, Antonio, in 1576.
Finally, in 1577 Joanna gave birth to the long-awaited heir, baptised Filippo in honour of King Philip II of Spain, Joanna's first cousin. The birth was celebrated with great joy by the court, as now the succession of the Grand Duchy was secured and any ambitions of Bianca Cappello to have her son Antonio as heir of Tuscany were eliminated. However Filippo was to die young, and Joanna's brother-in-law, Ferdinando, succeeded Francesco as Grand Duke.
Death[]
On 10 April 1578, Joanna – heavily pregnant with her eighth child – fell from the stairs in the Grand Ducal Palace in Florence. Some hours later, she prematurely gave birth to a son, who died immediately. She died the next day on 11 April. Francesco subsequently married his mistress, Bianca Cappello, making her grand duchess.
The mysterious circumstances around this accident caused rumours accusing her husband and his mistress of murdering her, so that they could be married. However, modern medical investigation of her remains confirm the official reports of her death as caused by the birth (the child presented arm first, and Joanna suffered a ruptured uterus). Joanna suffered from scoliosis: her spine and pelvis were severely deformed. It is clear from the condition of her pelvis that her previous births had been difficult, and it seems remarkable that she had survived them.[2]
Issue[]
The eight children of Francesco and Joanna were:
- Eleonora de' Medici (28 February 1567 – 9 September 1611) married Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and had issue.
- Romola de' Medici (20 November 1568 – 2 December 1568) died in infancy.
- Anna de' Medici (31 December 1569 – 19 February 1584) died unmarried.
- Isabella de' Medici (30 September 1571 – 8 August 1572) died in infancy.
- Lucrezia de' Medici (7 November 1572 – 14 August 1574) died in infancy.
- Maria de' Medici (26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) married Henri IV of France and had issue.
- Filippo de' Medici (20 May 1577 – 29 March 1582) died in childhood.
- Stillborn son (10 April 1578 – 10 April 1578).
Out of a total of eight children, only two daughters, Eleanora and Maria (Marie) lived to adulthood, the rest of the children died young.
Ancestry[]
showAncestors of Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany |
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References[]
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- ^ van Veen 2013, p. 190.
- ^ Gino Fornaciari, Angelica Vitiello, Sara Giusiani, Valentina Giuffra, Antonio Fornaciari, Natale Villari, The Medici Project: First Anthropological and Paleopathological Results Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (retrieved 23 January 2011); includes photographs of her bones.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Priebatsch, Felix (1908), "Wladislaw II.", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 54, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 688–696
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). 7. p. 112 – via Wikisource.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Boureau, Alain (1995). The Lord's First Night: The Myth of the Droit de Cuissage. Translated by Cochrane, Lydia G. The University of Chicago Press. p. 96.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Noubel, P., ed. (1877). Revue de l'Agenais [Review of the Agenais]. 4. Société académique d'Agen. p. 497.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Holland, Arthur William (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
- ^ Jump up to: a b Poupardin, René (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
- ^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
- ^ Jump up to: a b Casimir IV, King of Poland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). 6. p. 167 – via Wikisource.
Sources[]
- van Veen, Hendrik Thijs (2013). Cosimo I De' Medici and His Self-Representation in Florentine Art and Culture. Cambridge University Press.
- 1547 births
- 1578 deaths
- Nobility from Prague
- 16th-century House of Habsburg
- Austrian princesses
- Grand Princesses of Tuscany
- Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
- Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
- Deaths in childbirth
- 16th-century Italian women