Asenath Barzani

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Asenath Barzani
Born1590
Died1670
Mosul, Mosul Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
OccupationRabbinical scholar, poet
Years activeAround 1630-1670
Known forFirst recorded female Rabbinical scholar, early historical Kurdish woman

Asenath Barzani[1] (Hebrew: אסנת ברזאני, 1590–1670),[2] was a Jewish-Kurdish female rabbinical scholar and poet who lived near Duhok, Kurdistan.[3][4]

Biography[]

Family background[]

Asenath was born into the Barzani family, a well-known Kabbalistic family of rabbis in northern Kurdistan in 1590.[3] Her grandfather, Rabbi Netanel Halevi, was the leader of the Jewish community in Mosul, and was a holy man in the eyes of the Jews in Kurdistan and its environs. Due to the honor of his teachings, he was called "Adoni".[5] His son, Rabbi Samuel Barzani, was troubled by the status of the torah among the Jews of Kurdistan, and by the lack of spiritual leaders and halakhic judges. He established a number of yeshivas in Barzan, Akre, Amadiya and in Mosul, in order to cultivate wise students who could serve the public as rabbis, cantors, and butchers.[3][6] The meetings were held with donations from Jewish philanthropists living in the area and Rabbi Samuel would invest all the donations in the meetings.[3]

Life[]

Rabbi Samuel Barzani taught his daughter the Torah thoroughly to prepare her as his successor, as he had no sons. According to Asenath herself, she did not learn any craft because she spent all her time learning the Torah.[7] She described her upbringing as such:

I never left the entrance to my house or went outside; I was like a princess of Israel ... I grew up on the laps of scholars, anchored to my father of blessed memory. I was never taught any work but sacred study.[7]

Barzani was married to her cousin Rabbi Jacob Mizrahi, who promised her father that she would do no domestic work and could spend her time as a Torah scholar. After her father's death, her husband became head of the yeshivah in Mosul. He was so involved in his studies that she essentially taught the yeshivah students and provided them with rabbinic training. Following her husband's death, the leadership of the yeshivah passed to her naturally, and eventually she became known as the chief teacher of Torah. As neither her father nor her husband had been successful fundraisers, the yeshivah was always in financial difficulties, and Barzani wrote a number of letters requesting funds in which she described her and her children's difficult situation. Her home and belongings had been confiscated, including her books, but she felt that as a woman it was inappropriate for her to travel in search of financial support.[8]

Barzani wrote:

“And he [my father] made my husband swear that he would not make me perform work, and he did as he had commanded him. From the beginning, the Rabbi [Mizrahi] was busy with his studies and had no time to teach the pupils; but I taught them in his stead, I was a helpmate for him... [Begging for support for] the sake of Father... and the Rabbi... so that their Torah and names should not be brought to naught in these communities; for I remain the teacher of Torah...”[9]

In spite of the financial problems, she successfully ran the yeshivah which continued to produce serious scholars, including her son, whom she sent to Baghdad, where he continued the dynasty of rabbinic scholars.[8] Her few extant writings demonstrate a complete mastery of Hebrew, Torah, Talmud, Midrash, as well as Kabbalah, and her letters are not only erudite, but also lyrical.[8] After her death, many Jews made pilgrimages to her grave in Amadiyah in Northern Iraq,[10] where her father is also buried.[11]

Title[]

Barzani was given the title Tanna’it (or tanna'ith), the female form of for a Talmudic scholar, and a rare honour for a Jewish woman.[12] The title of Tanna'it, and her role as head of a yeshiva a rabbinical school, is not equivalent to being a rabbi, and hence she is regarded as a rare example of a female Rabbinical Teacher (but not an actual rabbi which equals a judge) in pre-20th century traditional Judaism.[13]

Poetry[]

Barzani was also known as a poet. She is said to have authored a Piyyut (liturgical poem) in Kurdish, called Ga’agua L’Zion (Longing for Zion).[14]

Legends[]

There are many Kurdish stories and legends about her and miracles she performed,[15] including the one described in “A Flock of Angels”.[16]

In local folklore her gender plays a central role, while in life it did not seem to have presented a problem. Many of the stories which allude to her supernatural powers were found in amulets. These include her ability to limit her childbearing to two children so that she could devote herself to her studies, and the ability to ward off an intruder in order to prevent him from raping her by loudly calling out holy names.[15]

A Flock of Angels[]

According to the legend, her father often appeared in Barzani's dreams, revealing dangers to her and telling her how to avert them. On one such occasion, she went to Amêdî where she convinced the Jews to celebrate Rosh Hodesh, the new moon, outdoors, as had been their custom before they were threatened by hostile gentiles.[16]

As they proceeded with the celebration, there were shouts and they saw flames shoot up into the sky. The synagogue had been set on fire, with all the sacred books and scrolls in it. After Barzani whispered a secret name she had learned from her father, the people saw a flock of angels descending to the roof of the synagogue. The angels beat the flames with their wings, until every last spark had been put out. Then they rose up into the heavens like a flock of white doves and were gone. And when the smoke cleared, everybody saw that not only none of the Jews had been hurt since the congregation had been outdoors, but that another miracle had taken place: the synagogue had not burned, nor were any of the Torah scrolls touched by the flames. After that miracle, the Jews of Amêdî were not harassed by the gentiles for a long time. Gratefully, they renamed the synagogue after her, and the legend ends with the words "and it is still standing today".[17]

References[]

  1. ^ Also spelled Asenat Barzanî in Kurdish and Osnat Barzani in modern Hebrew. See Bengio, O. (2016). Game changers: Kurdish women in peace and war. The Middle East Journal, 70(1), 30-46.
  2. ^ Jewish Book World, 18. JWB Jewish Book Council. 2000. p. 62.
  3. ^ a b c d "חרצניה אטנה ראש הישיבה בכורדיסתאר אורי מלמד" (PDF). פעמים (in Hebrew): 163. 2000.
  4. ^ לוין-מלמד, רינה. שאני נשארתי מלמדת תורה (PDF) (in Hebrew).
  5. ^ בן יעקב, אברהם (1961). קהילות יהודי כורדיסטאן: בצירוף שירים ופיוטין (in Hebrew). Jerusalem.
  6. ^ בניהו, מאיר (1965). רבי שמואל ברזאני: ראש גולת כורדיסתאן (in Hebrew). הוצאת מכון בן־צבי. p. 9.
  7. ^ a b Renee Levine Melammed (1 March 2009). "Asnat Barazani". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 6 June 2012. quoting from Mann, Jacob (1972). Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature. I. New York. p. 511.
  8. ^ a b c Renée Levine Melammed (2007). "Barazani, Asenath". 3: 138. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ The German Jewish ethnologist , who included Barzani's letter without mentioning her name in his study of the “Jews of Iraq” in the early 1940s was convinced that: “The letter... could hardly have been composed by her, since it is full of melitzot [poetic expressions] and reveals no small knowledge of Hebrew and rabbinical literature.” Brauer, Erich. The Jews of Kurdistan, ed. Raphael Patai. Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1993, first published 1947; ISBN 0-8143-2392-8. pp. 176-177
  10. ^ "Asenath Barzani profile". Kurdistan's Women. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  11. ^ Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred, eds. (2007). "Barazani, Samuel ben Nethanel Ha-Levi". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.
  12. ^ Izady, Mehrdad (2015-06-03). The Kurds: A Concise History And Fact Book. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135844905.
  13. ^ "Kurdish Women | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
  14. ^ "Longing for Zion, dreaming of Kurdistan". +972 Magazine. 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
  15. ^ a b Renee Levine Melammed (1 March 2009). "Asnat Barazani". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  16. ^ a b Laura Quercioli Mincer (2011). 56: Asenath Barzani e gli angeli del Kurdistan. 101 Storie Ebraiche che non ti hanno mai raccontato (in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. ISBN 978-88-541-2995-5. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  17. ^ Howard Schwartz; (Illustrated by Monique Passicot) (2000). The Day the Rabbi Disappeared. Jewish Holiday Tales of Magic (PDF). Viking. pp. 9–14. ISBN 978-067088733-0. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

Further reading[]

  • Asenath Barzani. "Asenath's Petition", First published in Hebrew by Jacob Mann, ed., in Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature, vol.1, Hebrew Union College Press, Cincinnati, 1931. Translation by Peter Cole.
  • Shirley Kaufman, Galit Hasan-Rokem, Tamar Hess. Defiant Muse: Hebrew Feminist Poems from Antiquity: A Bilingual Anthology, Feminist Press, 1999, ISBN 1-55861-224-6. (see page 7 and “Asenath's Petition” page 66).
  • Yoel Bin Nun, Daniel Sperber, Joshua Maroof. Responsa Regarding Women's Roles in Religious Leadership, March 22, 2009, p. 2.
  • Erich Brauer. The Jews of Kurdistan, ed. Raphael Patai. Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1993, first published 1947, ISBN 0-8143-2392-8
  • Tirzah Firestone. The Receiving: Reclaiming Jewish Women's Wisdom. HarperCollins, 2004, ISBN 978-006008271-0.
  • Avraham Grossman. Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe. Brandeis University Press, 2004, p. 163.
  • Jacob Mann. Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature. Vol. I. New York, 1972.
  • Uri Melammed and Renée Levine. Rabbi Asnat: A Female Yeshiva Director in Kurdistan, Pe’amim 82 (2000), pp. 163–178 (Hebrew)).
  • Yona Sabar, The Folk Literature of the Kurdistani Jews. Yale University Press, New Haven 1982, ISBN 978-030002698-6.
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