Deborah
Deborah | |
|---|---|
 Deborah as portrayed in Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum (1553) | |
| Other names | Debora, Débora, Dvora |
| Occupation | Prophet of God, Fourth Judge of Israel |
| Predecessor | Shamgar |
| Successor | Gideon |
| Spouse(s) | Lapidoth (possibly) |
| שופטים Judges in the Bible |
|---|
| Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges |
| Book of Joshua |
| Book of Judges |
| First Book of Samuel |
According to the Book of Judges, Deborah (Hebrew: דְּבוֹרָה, Dəḇōrāh, "bee"; Arabic: دبوراه, Dabūrāh) was a prophetess of the God of the Israelites, the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel and the only female judge mentioned in the Bible. Many scholars contend that the phrase, "a woman of Lappidot", as translated from biblical Hebrew in Judges 4:4 denotes her marital status as the wife of Lappidot, or "Lappidoth" as listed in many Bible translations.[1] Alternatively, "lappid"[1] translates as "torch" or "lightning", therefore the phrase, "woman of Lappidot" could be referencing Deborah as a "fiery woman."[2] Deborah told Barak, an Israelite general[1] from Kedesh in Naphtali, that God commanded him to lead an attack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander Sisera (Judges 4:6–7); the entire narrative is recounted in chapter 4.
Judges chapter 5 gives the same story in poetic form. This passage, often called The Song of Deborah, may date to as early as the twelfth century BC,[3] and is perhaps the earliest sample of Hebrew poetry.
Bible narrative[]
In the Book of Judges, it is stated that Deborah was a prophet, a judge of Israel and the wife of Lapidoth.[4][5] She rendered her judgments beneath a date palm tree between Ramah in Benjamin and Bethel in the land of Ephraim.[6]
The people of Israel had been oppressed by Jabin, the king of Canaan, whose capital was Hazor, for twenty years. Stirred by the wretched condition of Israel she sends a message to Barak, the son of Abinoam, at Kedesh of Naphtali, and tells him that the Lord God had commanded him to muster ten thousand troops of Naphtali and Zebulun and concentrate them upon Mount Tabor, the mountain at the northern angle of the great plain of Esdraelon. At the same time she states that the Lord God of Israel will draw Sisera, commander of Jabin's army, to the River Kishon. Barak declines to go without the prophet. Deborah consents, but declares that the glory of the victory will therefore belong to a woman. As soon as the news of the rebellion reaches Sisera, he collects nine hundred chariots of iron and a host of people.[5]
Then Deborah said, according to Judges 4:14:
"Go! This is the day the Lord has given Sisera into your hands. Has not the Lord gone ahead of you?" So Barak went down Mount Tabor, with ten thousand men following him.
As Deborah prophesied, a battle is fought (led by Barak), and Sisera is completely defeated. He escapes on foot while his army is pursued as far as Harosheth of the Gentiles and destroyed. Sisera comes to the tent of Jael and lies down to rest. He asks for a drink, she gives him milk and while he is asleep she hammers a tent-pin through his temple.[5]
The Biblical account of Deborah ends with the statement that after the battle, there was peace in the land for 40 years (Judges 5:31).
The Song of Deborah[]
The Song of Deborah is found in Judges 5:2–31 and is a victory hymn, sung by Deborah and Barak, about the defeat of Canaanite adversaries by some of the tribes of Israel. Biblical scholars generally identified the Song as one of the oldest parts of the Bible, dating somewhere in the 12th century BC, based on its grammar and context.[7] However, some critics have recently argued that the song's language and content indicate that it was written no earlier than the 7th century BC.[8] The song itself differs slightly from the events described in Judges 4. The song mentions six participating tribes (Ephraim, Benjamin, Machir (son of Manasseh), Zebulun, Issachar, and Naphtali) as opposed to the two tribes in Judges 4:6 (Naphtali and Zebulun) and does not mention the role of Jabin.[9]
Though it is not uncommon to read a victory hymn in the Hebrew Bible, the Song of Deborah stands out as unique in that it is a hymn that celebrates a military victory of two women: Deborah, the prophet and Jael, the warrior.[10] Michael Coogan writes that Jael being a woman "is a further sign that Yahweh ultimately is responsible for the victory: the mighty Canaanite general Sisera will be 'sold' by the Lord 'into the hand of a woman'" (Judges 4:9).[7]
Traditional chronology[]
Traditional Jewish chronology places Deborah's 40 years of judging Israel (Judges 5:31) from 1107 BC until her death in 1067 BC.[11] The Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World claims that she might have lived in the period between 1200 BC to 1124 BC.[12] Based on archaeological findings, different biblical scholars have argued that Deborah's war with Sisera best fits the context of either the second half of the 12th century BC[13] or the second half of the 11th century BC.[14]
Gallery[]
Deborah and Barak in a miniature from the 13th-century Psalter of St. Louis
Jael, Deborah, and Barak (c. 1630) by Salomon de Bray
A statue of Deborah (1792) in Aix-en-Provence, France
Deborah depicted in a pendentive of a church dome in Tenancingo, Mexico
Deborah Judging Israel, west-facing panel at the northwest corner of the Nebraska State Capitol
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Van Wijk-Bos, Johanna WH. The End of the Beginning: Joshua and Judges. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2019.
- ^ García Bachmann, Mercedes L., Ahida E. Pilarski, and Barbara E. Reid. "Judges." Wisdom commentary (2018).
- ^ Coogan, Michael D. (2011). The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Oxford University Press. pp. 214, 219.
- ^ Judges 4:4
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Deborah", Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ Judges 4:5
- ^ Jump up to: a b Coogan, Michael D. (2009), A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context, Oxford University Press, p. 180.
- ^ Frolov, S. (2011). "How Old is the Song of Deborah?". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 36 (2): 163–84. doi:10.1177/0309089211423720.
'To be sure, the consensus outlined here is by no means perfect; several publications that appeared in the 1980s and 1990s diverge from it, sometimes in a major way. In particular, Alberto Soggin, Ulrike Schorn, and Barnabas Lindars see the Song, or at least the bulk thereof, as a product of the early monarchy; Ulrike Bechmann and Manfred Görg place it in the late pre-exilic period; Michael Waltisberg advocates early post-exilic provenance (fifth to third centuries BCE); and B.-J. Diebner shifts the composition's date all the way to the turn of the eras.' (p. 165); 'With the text’s internal parameters and the external conditions of its existence considered in a systematic fashion, what we know as Judg. 5.2–31a presents itself as an integral part of the Deuteronomistic oeuvre and should be dated, accordingly, between c. 700 and c. 450 BCE.' (p. 183)
- ^ Nelson, Richard (2006). "Judges". The Harper Collins Study Bible, rev. ed. Eds. Attridge, Harold & Wayne Meeks. New York: HarperCollins, p. 353.
- ^ Niditch, Susan. Judges (2008): A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press, 2011.
- ^ Jewish History: Deborah the Prophetess, Chabad.
- ^ Northen Magill, Frank and Christina J. Moose (2003-01-23). "Deborah". Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World. ISBN 978-1-57958040-7. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
- ^ Albright, W. F. (1937). "Further Light on the History of Israel from Lachish and Megiddo". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 68 (68): 22–26. doi:10.2307/3218855. JSTOR 3218855.
- ^ Mayes, A. D. H. (1969). "The Historical Context of the Battle against Sisera". Vetus Testamentum. 19 (3): 353–360. doi:10.2307/1516506. JSTOR 1516506.
Further reading[]
- Bird, Phyllis (1974). "Images of Women in the Old Testament". In Ruether, Rosemary Radford (ed.). Religion and Sexism: Images of Women in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-21692-9.
- Brown, Cheryl Anne (1992). No Longer be Silent: First Century Jewish Portraits of Biblical Women: Studies in Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities and Josephus's Jewish Antiquities. Louisville, KY: Westminster J. Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25294-X.
- Deen, Edith (1955). All the Women of the Bible. New York: Harper & Row.
- Lacks, Roslyn (1979). Women and Judaism: Myth, History, and Struggle. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-02313-8.
- Otwell, John H. (1977). And Sarah Laughed: the Status of Woman in the Old Testament. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 0-664-24126-3.
- Phipps, William E. (1992). Assertive Biblical Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28498-9.
- Schroeder, Joy A. (2014). Deborah's Daughters: Gender Politics and Biblical Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-999104-4.
- Williams, James G. (1982). Women Recounted: Narrative Thinking and the God of Israel. Sheffield: Almond Press. ISBN 0-907459-18-8.
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deborah. |
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Book of Judges article, Jewish Encyclopedia
- Debbora, Catholic Encyclopedia
- Biblical Hebrew Poetry - Reconstructing the Original Oral, Aural and Visual Experience
- Song of Deborah (Judges 5) Reconstructed
Authority control  |
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- Prophets of the Hebrew Bible
- 12th-century BC biblical rulers
- 12th-century BC women rulers
- 12th-century BCE Hebrew people
- Biblical women in ancient warfare
- Book of Judges
- Judges of ancient Israel
- Women in the Hebrew Bible