Bank rate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the US financial company, see Bankrate. For interest rates paid by or to consumers or businesses, see interest rate.

Bank rate, also known as discount rate in American English,[1] is the rate of interest which a central bank charges on its loans and advances to a commercial bank. The bank rate is known by a number of different terms depending on the country, and has changed over time in some countries as the mechanisms used to manage the rate have changed.

Whenever a bank has a shortage of funds, they can typically borrow from the central bank based on the monetary policy of the country. The borrowing is commonly done via repos: the repo rate is the rate at which the central bank lends short-term money to the banks against securities. It is more applicable when there is a liquidity crunch in the market. In contrast, the reverse repo rate is the rate at which banks can park surplus funds with the reserve bank, which is mostly done when there is surplus liquidity.

Determining the rate[]

The interest rate that is charged by a country's central or federal bank on loans and advances controls the money supply in the economy and the banking sector. This is typically done on a quarterly basis[2] to control inflation and to stabilize the country's exchange rates. A change in bank rates may trigger a ripple effect, as it impacts every sphere of a country's economy. For instance, stock markets prices tend to react to unexpected interest rate changes. A change in bank rates affects customers as it influences prime interest rates for personal loans.

By country[]

Australia[]

In Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australia sets the bank rate, known as the official cash rate, which is reviewed by the Reserve Bank Board each month.

Brazil[]

In Brazil, the discount rate is called SELIC (Special System of Liquidation and Custody, translated). It is the mean term of the overnight rate, fixed by the Committee of Monetary Policy, a branch of the Central Bank of Brazil. There are some assets of the public debt whose interest rate is linked to the SELIC: an increase in this rate provides more profit for its owner.[3]

Canada[]

In Canada, the bank rate is defined as the upper limit of the overnight rate band, announced, reviewed, and modified if necessary eight times each year (a schedule implemented in November 2000)[4] by the Bank of Canada, (making it the target overnight rate + 0.25%).[5]

Since September 2010, the Bank of Canada's key interest rate (overnight rate) was 0.5%. In mid 2017, inflation remained below the Bank's 2% target, mostly because of reductions in the cost of energy and automobiles; also, the economy was in a continuing growth spurt with a predicted GDP growth of 2.8% by year end.[6] On 12 July 2017, the bank increased the key rate to 0.75%. In a statement, it confirmed that the rate would continue to be evaluated on the basis of inflation. "Future adjustments to the target for the overnight rate will be guided by incoming data as they inform the bank's inflation outlook, keeping in mind continued uncertainty and financial system vulnerabilities."[7]

Eurozone[]

In the eurozone the bank rate managed by the European Central Bank is called Standing Facilities, which are used to manage overnight liquidity. Qualifying counterparties can use the Standing Facilities to increase the amount of cash they have available for overnight settlements using the "Marginal Lending Facility". Conversely, excess funds can be deposited within the European Central Bank System and earn interest using the "Deposit facility".

India[]

In India, the Reserve Bank of India determines the bank rate, which is the standard rate at which it is prepared to buy or re-discount bills of exchange or other commercial bills eligible for purchase under the RBI Act 1934 (sec.49).[8] The Reserve Bank of India also provides short term loans to its clients (keeping collateral) at what is called the repo rate. This rate is revised periodically. However, there is no predetermined schedule. The repo rates are changed reactively depending on the economy. As in other countries, repo rates affect the money flow into the nation's economy and affect the inflation and commercial banks' lending or interest rate. As of May 2020, the Bank Rate is 4.65%.[9]

New Zealand[]

In New Zealand, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand sets the New Zealand bank rate known as the official cash rate, which is reviewed by the Reserve Bank Board approximately every six weeks.

Singapore[]

In Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore strategically reviews its Monetary Policy to promote price stability as a sound basis for sustainable economic growth.[10]

South Africa[]

In South Africa the South African Reserve Bank determines the repurchase rate (repo rate) for short-term loans it grants private banks through its Monetary Policy Committee.[11]

United Kingdom[]

In the United Kingdom, bank rates are set by the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee. The key interest rate is called the Bank Rate,[12] and is the lowest rate at which the Bank acts as lender of last resort to the money markets.

United States[]

In the United States, the discount rate is the bank rate charged to commercial banks through the discount window of the Federal Reserve.[1] The current discount rate is targeted in a range between 1%-1.25%.[13]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Boyes, William; Melvin, Michael. Fundamentals of Economics (6th ed.). p. 329.
  2. ^ ( Quarterly means something that is done, produced, or occurs once every three months or four times in a year)
  3. ^ In English, the Central Bank of Brazil information.
  4. ^ "The Target for the Overnight Rate". bankofcanada.ca. Bank of Canada. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  5. ^ Siklos, Pierre (2001). Money, Banking, and Financial Institutions: Canada in the Global Environment. Toronto: McGraw-Hill. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-07-087158-2.
  6. ^ Argitis, Theophilos (July 12, 2017). "Bank of Canada Raises Rates for First Time in 7 Years". Bloomberg News.
  7. ^ Hopkins, Andrea; Schnurr, Leah. "Bank of Canada raises rates, analysts see more hikes in store". Reuters.
  8. ^ https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/RBIAM_230609.pdf
  9. ^ "Reserve Bank of India". www.rbi.org.in. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  10. ^ "Singapore's Exchange Rate-Based Monetary Policy" (PDF). Monetary Authority of Singapore.
  11. ^ "Interest rates and how they work" (PDF). South African Reserve Bank. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Interest rates and Bank Rate". Bank of England. Archived from the original on 2018-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  13. ^ Cox, Jeff (2020-03-03). "Fed cuts rates by half a percentage point to combat coronavirus slowdown". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
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