Bastion Point

Bastion Point seen from the fishing pier jutting out into the Waitematā Harbour.

A marae on Takaparawhau in the 1890s.

Bastion Point activist campaign at Nambassa alternatives festival 1981.

Bastion Point (Māori: Takaparawhau) is a coastal piece of land in Orakei, Auckland, New Zealand, overlooking the Waitematā Harbour. The area is significant in New Zealand history as the site of protests in the late 1970s by Māori against forced land alienation by pākehā (European settlers).^[1]

History[]

The land was occupied by Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, and before the colonisation of New Zealand it was part of important lands for the hapū (sub-tribe), overlooking rich fishing and farming areas.^[2] The surrounding land was confiscated by the New Zealand Government for public works and development over a period stretching from the 1840s into the 1950s.^[3]

On 20 March 1840 in the Manukau Harbour area where Ngāti Whātua farmed, paramount chief Apihai Te Kawau signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the te reo Māori translation of the Treaty of Waitangi). Ngāti Whātua sought British protection from Ngāpuhi as well as a reciprocal relationship with the Crown and the Church. Soon after signing Te Tiriti, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, the primary hapū and landowner in Tāmaki Makaurau, made a tuku (strategic gift) of 3,500 acres (1,400 hectares) of land on the Waitematā Harbour to Hobson, the new Governor of New Zealand, for the new capital. By 1859, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, who had given two further land tuku of 13,200 acres (5,342 hectares) to the Crown, had lost most of their remaining land through speculators. The 700-acre Ōrākei block was all that remained. Within a century, this too was compulsorily acquired by the Crown (apart from a cemetery).^{[4][5][6][7][8][3]}

Apihai Te Kawau spoke publicly against land sales and in order to safeguard a small amount of land in Orakei for future generations, Apihai Te Kawau obtained a Crown Grant in 1869. In 1873 the Native Land Court stated that "the land shall be inalienable." A reversal of this government position came with the Validation Of Invalid Land Sales Act 1894. In 1885 the New Zealand Government built a military outpost at Bastion Point, because of its commanding strategic position overlooking the Waitematā Harbour. The outpost was not built on Takaparawha Point, which had earlier been taken by the Government for the same purpose.^[9] In 1886, the Crown used the Public Works Act 1882 (46 Vict No 37) to take ownership of 13 acres (5.3 ha) of Bastion Point for this purpose of defence. Between 1913 and 1928 the government bought most of the land that had been previously deemed inalienable. As Ranganui Walker states, this is by no means a simple case of willful dispossession: "In a long running battle to resist the state and save the land, there were eight actions in the Maori Land Court, four in the Supreme Court, two in the Court of Appeal, two in the Compensation Court, six appearances before Commissions or Committees of Inquiry, and fifteen Parliamentary Petitions. In the end the state prevailed."^[10][11]

In 1936 Orakei was proposed as a site for state housing by the First Labour Government, and in August a Māori delegation asked Prime Minister Savage that at least the marae on the flat foreshore where he had been ceremonially welcomed after his election should be retained by the tribe. Savage was somewhat fogged by the situation and asked for reports, which were not completed when he sailed to Britain for the Coronation and Imperial Conference in 1937. The Labour state housing team John A. Lee and Frank Langstone decided that the 120 Māori living at Orakei were illegal squatters and had to be removed. The incensed Orakei Māori met Savage on his return from overseas, and he immediately reversed the decision, avoiding what could have been a political crisis.^[12] In November 1936 Lee had assured Walter Nash that the Māori would be removed without much difficulty; but they refused, and were supported by the Clergy Association, the Protestant churches, the Anglican Bishop, the Friends of Orakei and the New Zealand Observer. Robin Hyde wrote No More Dancing at Orakei. Lee obtained most of his land, but Langstone's (and the Cabinet's) decision; seen as obtaining Māori land as a park for white children was reversed. Another motive for their proposal was to weaken Bill Endean‘s grip on Parnell, the only non-Labour seat in Auckland.^[13] Māori from the pa met Savages' body when it arrived back in Auckland in 1940.^[14]

When in 1941 the Crown no longer needed Bastion Point for defence, it did not return the land to its traditional Māori owners but instead gifted it to the Auckland City Council for a reserve. (This was the last 60 acres (24.3 ha) of uncommitted land at Orakei that the hapū Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei still hoped to get back.)^[3]

In 1951, Māori living in Orakei were evicted and the houses were knocked down. A justification for this eviction was health and sanitation issues, for which the government was ultimately responsible. These issues were created by the city council earlier when a sewer line and road were built along the foreshore which blocked the flow of storm water, creating the quagmire of sanitation problems. At the same time the village at Ōkahu Bay was not connected to the city's fresh water supply.^[15][3]

Occupation[]

In 1976 the Crown announced that it planned to develop Bastion Point by selling it to the highest bidder for high-income housing. Joe Hawke, members of his hapū, and other activists, formed the Orakei Māori Action Committee, taking direct action to stop the subdivision. In 1977–1978 the Orakei Māori Action Committee organised an occupation of the remaining Crown land, 2 days before construction of the housing was to start, to prevent its confiscation by the Muldoon Government.^[9] The occupiers constructed a marae and housing, and grew crops. A fire in a tent on September 26, 1977 caused the death of a young girl named Joanna Hawke, the niece of protest leader Joe Hawke.^[16]

The occupation lasted for 506 days; it ended on 25 May 1978,^[1] when 800 police and personnel of the New Zealand Army forcibly removed the occupiers and destroyed the temporary buildings—including vegetable gardens and the marae. Two hundred and twenty two protesters were arrested. The occupation and the use of force to end it played a part in highlighting alleged injustices against Māori, and the occupation became a major landmark in the history of Māori protest.^[17]

In 1988 the New Zealand Labour Government returned Bastion Point / Takaparawhau and Ōrākei Marae to Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, with compensation, as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement process. The 1991 Ōrākei Act was passed to recognise the rights of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei under the Treaty.^[18][19]

Savage Memorial[]

The beloved first Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand, Michael Joseph Savage died in office in 1940, and is buried in a spectacular Art Deco mausoleum at Bastion Point. Designed by Tibor Donner and Anthony Bartlett with a sculpture by R. O. Gross, it has towering columns, sunken gardens and a reflecting pool and was built in two years by Fletcher Construction for £34,533, with the cost raised by subscription.^[20]

The monument was dedicated before a crowd of ten thousand on 28 March 1943, with Savage's remains reinterred in a deep tunnel below the monument. The tomb is inscribed:^[20]

         Michael Joseph Savage 
               1872-1940
         HE LOVED HIS FELLOW MEN

See also[]

• Māori protest movement
• Treaty of Waitangi
• Ngāti Whātua
• Orakei
• Coastal fortifications of New Zealand re Russian scare of 1880s.

Further reading[]

• Gustafson, Barry (1986). From the Cradle to the Grave: a biography of Michael Joseph Savage. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00138-5.
• Olssen, Erik (1977). John A. Lee. Dunedin: University of Otago Press. ISBN 0-908569-04-1.

References[]

External links[]

• Television footage of Bastion Point eviction, from Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
• Report on the Orakei claim, Waitangi Tribunal
• Radio NZ sound bite interviews on the 1970s Bastion Point protest.
• "Bastion Point – The Untold Story", clip from documentary

Coordinates: 36°50′39″S 174°49′27″E / 36.84417°S 174.82417°E / -36.84417; 174.82417