Walter Nash

The Right Honourable Sir Walter Nash GCMG CH
27th Prime Minister of New Zealand
In office 12 December 1957 (1957-12-12) – 12 December 1960 (1960-12-12)
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor-General	Charles Lyttelton
Deputy	Jerry Skinner
Preceded by	Keith Holyoake
Succeeded by	Keith Holyoake
16th Leader of the Opposition
In office 17 January 1951 – 12 December 1957
Preceded by	Peter Fraser
Succeeded by	Keith Holyoake
In office 12 December 1960 – 1 April 1963
Preceded by	Keith Holyoake
Succeeded by	Arnold Nordmeyer
14th Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office 12 December 1957 – 12 December 1960
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Tom Macdonald
Succeeded by	Keith Holyoake
27th Minister of Finance
In office 6 December 1935 (1935-12-06) – 13 December 1949 (1949-12-13)
Prime Minister	Michael Joseph Savage (1935–40) Peter Fraser (1940–49)
Preceded by	Gordon Coates
Succeeded by	Sidney Holland
14th President of the Labour Party
In office 24 April 1935 – 14 April 1936
Vice President	James Roberts
Preceded by	Tim Armstrong
Succeeded by	Clyde Carr
Member of the New Zealand Parliament for Hutt
In office 18 December 1929 – 4 June 1968
Preceded by	Thomas Wilford
Succeeded by	Trevor Young
Personal details
Born	(1882-02-12)12 February 1882 Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England
Died	4 June 1968(1968-06-04) (aged 86) Wellington, New Zealand
Political party	Labour
Spouse(s)	Lotty May Eaton ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1961)​
Children	4[1]
Relatives	Stuart Nash (great-grandson)
Occupation	Clerk

Sir Walter Nash GCMG CH PC (12 February 1882 – 4 June 1968) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand in the Second Labour Government from 1957 to 1960. He is noted for his long period of political service, having been associated with the New Zealand Labour Party since its creation.

Nash was born in Kidderminster, England, and is the most recent New Zealand prime minister to be born outside the country. He arrived in New Zealand in 1909, soon joined the original Labour Party, and became a member of the party's executive in 1919. Nash was elected to Parliament in the Hutt by-election of 1929. He was from the moderate wing of the Labour Party. Appointed as Minister of Finance in 1935, Nash guided the First Labour Government's economic recovery programme during the Great Depression and then directed the government's wartime controls. He succeeded Peter Fraser as Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of Opposition in 1951.

In the 1957 election, the Labour Party won a narrow victory and Nash became Prime Minister. The Second Labour Government's "Black Budget" of 1958, in response to a balance of payments crisis, increased taxes on luxuries such as beer and tobacco. Public hostility toward the budget contributed to Labour's heavy defeat in the 1960 election.^[2] Leaving office at 78 years of age, Nash is to date New Zealand's most elderly prime minister.

Early life[]

Nash was born in Kidderminster, a town in the English county of Worcestershire. He was born into a poor family and his father was an alcoholic. Nash performed well at school and won a scholarship to King Charles I Grammar School but additional costs associated with attending prevented him from accepting. Nash began employment as a clerk, initially with a lawyer in Kidderminster and then at a factory near Birmingham.^[1]

On 16 June 1906,^[1] Nash married Lottie May Eaton (17 March 1880 – 12 December 1961)^[3][4] and established a shop. He became highly active in his community, participating in a large number of societies and clubs. He also attended night school to further his education. By 1908, however, problems began to arise; his wife and son were both ill and a daughter died at birth. In addition an economic recession in the following year seriously harmed his business. The family decided to leave England, settling on New Zealand as a destination.^[1]

After arriving in Wellington, in May 1909, Nash became secretary to a local tailor. His wife had two more sons. Nash's religious and political beliefs also began to solidify at this point, with the strong Christian faith he received from his mother being merged with a growing belief in socialism. Nash would remain a "Christian Socialist" for the remainder of his life, believing that the two components were inseparable. His political opinions were influenced by his friendship with prominent New Zealand socialists such as Michael Joseph Savage, Bob Semple and Harry Holland. Nash also became a committed pacifist.^[1]

Nash's financial situation deteriorated, however, when the tailor's firm that he worked for (and was a shareholder of) declined. Nash and his family moved to Palmerston North where he became a salesman for a wool and cloth merchant. Later he established a tailoring company in New Plymouth along with Bill Besley, a tailor from Stratford, although the business performed poorly.^[1]

Early political career[]

New Zealand Parliament
Years	Term	Electorate		Party
1929–1931	23rd	Hutt		Labour
1931–1935	24th	Hutt		Labour
1935–1938	25th	Hutt		Labour
1938–1943	26th	Hutt		Labour
1943–1946	27th	Hutt		Labour
1946–1949	28th	Hutt		Labour
1949–1951	29th	Hutt		Labour
1951–1954	30th	Hutt		Labour
1954–1957	31st	Hutt		Labour
1957–1960	32nd	Hutt		Labour
1960–1963	33rd	Hutt		Labour
1963–1966	34th	Hutt		Labour
1966–1968	35th	Hutt		Labour

Nash had briefly been involved with the first Labour Party, established in 1910, but this association had been interrupted by his financial difficulties. In 1918, however, he helped to establish the New Plymouth branch of the modern Labour Party and he became highly active. The following year Nash was elected to the party's national executive.^[1]

In 1920 Nash and his wife travelled to Europe, attending various socialist conferences. When they returned to New Zealand, in January 1921, Nash was fined for importing "seditious literature". Despite the reputation that this fine gave him, among his fellow socialists, Nash was one of the more moderate members of the Labour Party.^[1] In 1922, a year after he had returned to Wellington, Nash was elected national secretary of the Labour Party.^[1] On arrival the party was found to have an all up debt of £220. The debt was settled when, together with Nash's own loan, John Glover (manager of Maori Lands) lent some £100 interest free.^[5]

He is often credited with turning the Labour Party into a fully functioning entity; establishing an efficient organisational structure and paying off the party's debts. Following his announcement of "fifty thousand shillings and fifty thousand members in three months" in the Maoriland Worker he worked hard to increase the party's membership.^[5]

Nash stood for election in the Hutt electorate in the 1925 and 1928 elections, but was not successful until the 1929 by-election.^[1][6] He also contested the Wellington mayoralty in 1929.^[1] In Parliament Nash became one of Labour's main finance spokesmen.^[1]

Minister of Finance[]

When Labour, led by Michael Joseph Savage, won the 1935 elections Nash was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Finance, although he also held a number of more minor positions. His other portfolios were Minister of Customs, Minister of Statistics, Minister of Marketing, Minister of Revenue and Minister for Social Security. He was ranked third in the First Labour Government, with only Savage and Peter Fraser above him.^[7]

New Zealand's economy was in poor shape at the time of Nash's appointment as Finance Minister and he was very busy for the early part of his ministerial career.^[8] Nash introduced a number of substantial changes, in an attempt to improve the situation. He reintroduced a graduated land tax at high rates^[8] and supervised the nationalisation of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand.^[1] In 1936 Nash departed for England to conduct trade negotiations. He also visited Berlin and Moscow.

Nash resisted the immigration of Jewish refugees to New Zealand, citing a concern that "anti-Semitism, never far from the surface, was very apt to emerge in the case of the talented race whose members can often beat us at our own game, especially the game of money making."^[9]

After returning to New Zealand he became involved in disputes within the Labour Party about economic policy. In particular he was heavily criticised by supporters of the social credit movement who wanted their views adopted as Labour Party policy. Nash was also attacked by the more radical socialists in the party who saw Nash's pragmatic economic policies as too moderate. Nash, however, was supported by both Savage and Fraser and emerged relatively unscathed. He gained the additional responsibility of implementing Labour's social security plan.^[10] Nash himself had limited involvement the formulation of Labour's economic reform policies, however he was largely responsible for putting them into effect, with other ministers relying on him for his attention to detail.^[1]

With Savage seriously ill, the first years of World War II were difficult for the Labour Party. Further problems were caused by John A. Lee, a Labour Party member who launched strong attacks on its economic policy. Lee was particularly vicious towards Savage and Nash. Peter Fraser became Prime Minister after Savage's death and Lee was expelled. Nash, himself, reluctantly abandoned his earlier pacifism, deeming the war a necessary one. Nash was appointed Minister from New Zealand in the United States as New Zealand's diplomatic representative in the United States in 1942, but as Minister of Finance frequently returned to Wellington. So Geoffrey Cox the chargé d’affairs was head of the legation for 11 of the 21 months that Cox was in the United States.^[11] At the end of the war Nash attended the conferences to create the United Nations and also recommended that New Zealand join the International Monetary Fund. He also travelled as New Zealand's representative to several major post-war international conferences concerned with reconstruction, (such as the Bretton Woods Conference and the initial 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).^[12]

As the 1949 election approached, however, the Labour government was becoming increasingly unpopular. Industrial strife and inflation were major causes. In the election the opposition National Party, led by Sidney Holland, won power.^[13]

Leader of the Opposition[]

Shortly after the election Fraser died and Nash was elected leader of the Labour Party unopposed.^[14] While Nash was seen as the likely replacement for Fraser, as acting leader, he brought the election of leader to before the imminent by-election for Fraser's seat of Brooklyn. The Brooklyn by-election was to be contested by former cabinet minister and party president Arnold Nordmeyer (who had lost his seat in the 1949 election) and thus Nordmeyer was unable to contest as only elected members of the caucus were eligible to stand.^[15][16] Nash's decision on the election date caused an argument in caucus, being seen by some as self-motivated, although eventually MPs voted to proceed with the early vote by a majority of two.^[17]

The first major test of his leadership came with the waterfront dispute of the same year, where major strikes were damaging the economy. Labour's position on the matter was seen as indecisive—the party was condemned by many workers for giving them insufficient support but at the same time was condemned by the business community for being "soft" on the communist-influenced unions. Labour suffered badly in the snap election that Holland called in 1951 to reaffirm his mandate. The scale of Labour's election loss soon put Nash's leadership under pressure.^[18]

As Leader of the Opposition Nash is not generally regarded as having been a success.^[1] His primary talent appeared to have been in organisation and finance, and not in the inspirational leadership that Savage and Fraser provided. He was also seen as too slow in coming to decisions. In 1954 several MPs attempted an abortive coup to remove the 71-year-old Nash as leader. They included Rex Mason, Bill Anderton and Arnold Nordmeyer. Nash was told by Mason that number of members had complained about the leadership of the party to him and that Mason thought that the majority wanted a new leader. In 1954 a majority of the caucus was in favour of a new leader but pressure from the unions and continued support from Party branches allowed Nash to survive the subsequent vote.^[19]

The negative press from the leadership challenge was unhelpful to Labour's position, but Nash rebounded well heading in to the 1954 election. He fought a strong campaign which saw a gain of five seats and virtually leveling the popular vote with National to only 0.2% behind. The advent of the new Social Credit Party (who won 11.2% of the vote, but no seats) was seen as a spoiler and it was claimed by Nash that Social Credit denied Labour victory by diminishing the two-party swing.^[20] The gains made in the election were seen as sufficient to justify Nash retaining the leadership, despite some murmurs of a surprise challenge to him by either his deputy Jerry Skinner or Nordmeyer. Added to this was the talent of the new MPs who joined the Labour caucus which added more energy and more diverse experience to Labour, helping gain further momentum.^[21]

As the National government began to grow more unpopular Labour regained some of its earlier dynamism. In the 1957 election the party won a narrow victory—41 seats to 39^[22]— assisted by its promises of tax rebates and the abolition of compulsory military training. At the age of 75, Nash became Prime Minister of the Second Labour Government.^[23]

Prime Minister[]

Nash appointed himself as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Maori Affairs and Minister of Statistics.^[24] Immediately upon taking office the Second Labour Government found the country's financial situation was found to be much worse than the previous government had admitted, particularly with balance of payments a serious concern.^[25] Nash decided that drastic measures would be necessary to bring the situation back under control. These measures resulted in the so-called "Black Budget", presented by Arnold Nordmeyer the new Minister of Finance. The budget included significant tax increases and generated widespread public anger. This was fuelled by the National Party claiming that Nash and Nordmeyer were exaggerating the extent of the problem. The fact that the extra taxes were largely on petrol, cigarettes and beer contributed to the image of Nash's government as miserly.^[25] The situation was exacerbated by Nash's frequent absences from the country, leaving Nordmeyer and other Labour ministers to defend the government's policies themselves.^[26]

Nash's main effort in foreign affairs was to revise the trade and tariff terms of Ottawa agreement in 1958.^[27] He was also a strong supporter of the Colombo Plan and visited many of the New Zealand funded Colombo Plan projects in Asia and also attended the Colombo Plan conference at Yogyakarta. The plan was one of his main interests in foreign policy, with aid and economic development for impoverished peoples appealing to his principles.^[28]

Nash was also criticised for failing to act in the controversy over the 1960 rugby tour of South Africa, which country was under an Apartheid government. On the insistence of the South Africans the New Zealand team included no Māori players, prompting a petition against the tour supported by almost 10% of New Zealanders.^[29] Nash, however, refused to step in, saying that the matter was for the rugby authorities to decide.^[30]

In the 1960 election, Labour was defeated by the National Party and Nash became Leader of the Opposition once again.^[31] Nash is the only Labour leader who had served as Leader of the Opposition before and after his tenure as Prime Minister.

Later life and career[]

Nash, now nearly eighty years old, was not as active as he once had been. The death of his wife in 1961 also took its toll. Gradually, calls for him to retire grew more frequent. Nash, however, refused to step down, partly because of a desire to continue his work, and partly due to a reluctance to see Arnold Nordmeyer succeed him. In 1963, however, Nash finally retired as leader of the Labour Party and Nordmeyer was chosen to replace him. Nash had favoured Jerry Skinner and then Fred Hackett to replace him (see 1963 New Zealand general election), but first Skinner and then Hackett died unexpectedly.^[32] Nash was the first Labour leader who did not die in office. Initially Nash was planning to announce his retirement as leader at Labour's 1962 party conference to clear the way for Skinner. By this time the media and public were widely anticipating Skinner to lead Labour at the 1963 election. After Skinner's sudden death (only a week before the 1962 conference) Nash had been forced to change his plans. The media speculated that Skinner had died with the knowledge that the party leadership would soon be his and that the caucus had already approved of his succession, however Nash strongly denied the suggestion.^[33]

Nash was one of the few New Zealand prime ministers who lived and remained in parliament a long time after losing power. He became the elder statesman of the house, and was frequently referred to in the press as the "grand old man" of New Zealand politics.^[34] He remained the MP for Hutt until his death. He became active in the protest movement against the Vietnam War, and denounced the bombing of North Vietnam by the United States. Funds for a children's ward at a hospital in Qui Nhon, Vietnam, serve as a memorial to him.^[35]

He died on 4 June 1968.^[36]

Honours and awards[]

In 1935 Nash was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.^[37] In 1946 he was appointed to the Privy Council.^[38] He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1959 Queen's Birthday Honours^[39] and in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George.^[40] In 1957 he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award.^[41]

Honorific eponyms[]

A number of streets and public facilities have been named in honour of Nash, in various towns in New Zealand as well as his birthplace of Kidderminster in England. These include:

• In Taitā, Lower Hutt
  • Nash Street
  • Walter Nash Park
  • Walter Nash Stadium
• Walter Nash Avenue, Kawerau
• Walter Nash Place, Whanganui
• Walter Nash Road East, Kidderminster

Personal life[]

Nash did not smoke and consumed alcohol in moderation. There are several anecdotes about Nash getting orange juice laced with gin at receptions. When Nordmeyer and Nash were given glasses of orange juice, the teetotal Nordmeyer sipped his and said quietly "I seem to have Mr Nash's". On another social occasion future PM Robert Muldoon went to take a glass of orange juice, only to be told by the waitress "Oh no, Mr Muldoon, that's for Mr Nash. That's the one with gin in it."^[42] Sinclair comments that while minister in Washington for 14 months:^[43]

He purchased an excellent cellar from a wealthy man. His cook, Margaret Moore, introduced him to 'old fashioneds' which, so he pretended, consisted of fruit juice. His taste for good food and drink expanded with opportunity – not that this had been lacking, for instance on his missions in the nineteen-thirties. It was generally supposed in New Zealand that Nash was a 'wowser', opposed to such human pleasures. This was so of Fraser, but quite untrue of Nash. He loved his food, and enjoyed good wine and liquor in moderation.

Nash's great-grandson,^[44] Stuart Nash entered parliament in 2008 as a List MP for Labour. He was not re-elected in 2011 because of his low list position, but returned to parliament as electorate MP for Napier in 2014^[44] and in 2017 became a cabinet minister.^[45]

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Sinclair, Keith (1976). Walter Nash. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-647949-5.
• Mackenzie, Craig (1975). Walter Nash, Pioneer and Prophet. Dunmore Press.
• Freer, Warren (2004). A Lifetime in Politics: the memoirs of Warren Freer. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 0-86473-478-6.
• Beaglehole, Ann (1988). A Small Price to Pay: Refugees from Hitler in New Zealand 1936–1946. Allen & Unwin.
• Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walter Nash.

• Prime Minister's Office biography
• Walter's World online exhibition from Archives New Zealand
• Newspaper clippings about Walter Nash in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

New Zealand Parliament
Preceded by Thomas Wilford	Member of Parliament for Hutt 1929–1968	Succeeded by Trevor Young
Political offices
Preceded by Gordon Coates	Minister of Finance 1935–1949	Succeeded by Sidney Holland
	Minister of Customs 1935–1949	Succeeded by Charles Bowden
Preceded by Peter Fraser	Leader of the Opposition 1951–1957	Succeeded by Keith Holyoake
Preceded by Tom Macdonald	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1957–1960
Preceded by Keith Holyoake	Prime Minister of New Zealand 1957–1960
	Leader of the Opposition 1960–1963	Succeeded by Arnold Nordmeyer
Preceded by Rex Mason	Father of the House 1966–1968	Succeeded by Keith Holyoake
Party political offices
Preceded by Moses Ayrton	Secretary of the Labour Party 1922–1932	Succeeded by Jim Thorn
Preceded by Tim Armstrong	President of the Labour Party 1935–1936	Succeeded by Clyde Carr
Preceded by Peter Fraser	Deputy-Leader of the Labour Party 1940–1951	Succeeded by Jerry Skinner
	Leader of the Labour Party 1951–1963	Succeeded by Arnold Nordmeyer
Diplomatic posts
New title	Minister from New Zealand in the United States 1941–1944	Succeeded by Carl Berendsen