Battle of Alexandria (1801)

Battle of Alexandria
Part of the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria
The Battle of Alexandria, 21 March 1801, Philip James de Loutherbourg
Date 21 March 1801 Location Alexandria, Egypt, Ottoman Empire Result British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom	France
Commanders and leaders
Ralph Abercromby (DOW) Samuel Graham John Moore	Jacques Menou
Strength
14,200[1]	14,000[2]
Casualties and losses
1,468 killed, wounded and missing[1]	4,000 killed, wounded and missing[1]

The Battle of Alexandria, or Battle of Canope, was fought on 21 March 1801 between the army of Napoleon's French First Republic under General Jacques-François Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby. The battle took place near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Abukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Abukir on 8 March and Mandora on 13 March. The fighting was parts of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1798.^[3]

Prelude[]

The British position on the night of 20 March extended across the isthmus, the right wing resting upon the ruins of Nicopolis and the sea, the left on the lake of Abukir and the Alexandria canal. The line faced generally south-west towards the city, the reserve division under Major-General Sir John Moore on the right, the Foot Guards brigade in the centre, and three other brigades on the left. In the second line were two infantry brigades and the cavalry (dismounted).

Battle[]

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On 21 March, the troops were under arms at 3 a.m., and at 3:30 a.m. the French attacked and drove in the outposts. The French army now moved forward with great rapidity in their usual formation of columns. The brunt of the attack fell upon Moore's command, and in particular upon the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. The British repulsed the first shock but a French column penetrated in the dark between the front and rear wing of the 42nd Regiment of Foot. A confused fight ensued in the ruins, in which the French troops were all either killed or captured with the 42nd taking their colour. Other regiments that assisted in the overthrow of the French column were the 23rd Regiment of Foot, 40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot and 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot, together with Stuart's Minorca Regiment.

Abercromby (centre) fights two French dragoons (from an English book)

The map of the British plan for the battle.

Jacques-François Menou

In a second attack the enemy's cavalry inflicted severe losses on the 42nd. The front and rear ranks of the 28th were simultaneously engaged, whereby the soldiers received the order "Front rank stay as you are, rear rank about turn" and in commemoration the regiment later adopted a second cap badge, the 'Back Number,' worn at the back of their head-dress.^[4] Sir Ralph Abercromby was here engaged in personal conflict with some French dragoons, and about this time received a mortal wound, though he remained on the field and in command to the end. The attack on the centre was repulsed by the cool and steady fire of the Guards, and the left wing maintained its position with ease, but the French cavalry for the second time came to close quarters with the reserve.

About half-past eight the combat began to wane, and the last shots were fired at ten. The real attack had been pressed home on the British right, and the History of the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment gives no undue praise to the regiments of the reserve in saying that "the determined attack would have been successful against almost any other troops." Technically, the details of the action show that, while not markedly better in a melee than the war-seasoned French, the British infantry had in its volleys a power that no other troops then existing possessed, and it was these volleys that decided the day even more than the individual stubbornness of the men.

The 42nd, twice charged by cavalry, had but 13 men wounded by the sabre. Part of the French losses were caused by the gunboats which lay close inshore and cannonaded the left flank of the French columns, and by a heavy naval gun which was placed in battery near the position of 28 March.

Aftermath[]

The armies engaged on this day both numbered approximately 14,000 men.^[2] Losses for the British were, 1,468 killed, wounded and missing, including Abercromby (who died on 28 March), Moore and three other generals wounded. The French on the other hand had 1,160 killed and (?) 3,000 wounded.

The British advanced upon Alexandria and laid siege to it. The French garrison surrendered on 2 September 1801.

See also[]

• French campaign in Egypt and Syria

References[]

Further reading[]

• Mackesy, Piers. British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest (Psychology Press, 1995).
• Barthorp, Michael. Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns 1798-1801 (Osprey Publishing, 1978).

Coordinates: 31°18′38″N 30°04′06″E / 31.31056°N 30.06833°E / 31.31056; 30.06833