Siege of Jaffa

Siege of Jaffa
Part of the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria of the French Revolutionary Wars
The painting Napoleon visiting the plague victims of Jaffa, by Antoine-Jean Gros depicts the aftermath of this battle.
Date 3-7 March 1799 Location Jaffa, Sidon Eyalet, Ottoman Empire 32°02′43″N 34°46′11″E / 32.0453°N 34.7697°E / 32.0453; 34.7697 Result French victory
Belligerents
French Republic	Ottoman Empire Albanian Bashi-bazouks
Commanders and leaders
Napoleon Bonaparte Jean-Baptiste Kléber	Ahmed al-Jazzar Abdallah Bey
Strength
10,000	5,000 mostly Albanian troops[1]
Casualties and losses
50 killed 200 wounded	2,000 killed[2][3] 2,100-4,100 prisoners executed[4][1]

The siege of Jaffa was a military engagement between the French army under Napoleon Bonaparte and Ottoman forces under Ahmed al-Jazzar. On the 3 of March, 1799, the French laid siege to the city of Jaffa, which was under Ottoman control. It was fought from 3 to 7 March 1799. On the 7 March, French forces managed to capture the city.^[4][1]

Background[]

Having successfully subdued all of Egypt, Napoleon Bonaparte was continuing his push on the Ottoman territories in the Middle East. Having recently captured an Ottoman fortress at El Arish, he was looking to cement his foothold in the Levant. In early March, his troops reached Jaffa.^[4][1]

Siege[]

The city of Jaffa was surrounded by high walls, and extensive fortifications had been constructed by the Ottomans. Ahmed al-Jazzar entrusted its defence to his troops, including 1,200 artillerymen. Napoleon had to win Jaffa before he could advance any further, and the whole expedition's success depended on its capture—the city was one of Greater Syria's main mercantile centres, and had a harbour which would provide vital shelter for his fleet.^[4][1] All the exterior works could be besieged and a breach was feasible; when Bonaparte sent an officer and a trumpeter to Ahmed al-Jazzar to order the surrender of the city, he decapitated the messengers and ordered a sortie.^[5] The sortie was pushed back as early as the evening of the same day; the French managed to destroy one of the towers on the city fortifications, and despite resistance by its defenders, Jaffa was taken.

According to some sources, the French messengers who had brusquely told the city of Napoleon's ultimatum ended up being arrested, tortured, castrated and decapitated, and their heads impaled on the city walls. This harsh treatment led Napoleon, when the city fell, to allow his soldiers two days and two nights of slaughter and rape. He also executed the Ottoman governor Abdallah Bey. Bonaparte no longer wished to honour the promises of his step son Eugène de Beauharnais that prisoners' lives would be spared and ordered that a large part of the Ottoman prisoners (according to some sources around 2,440, according to other sources 4,100), most of them Albanians, be executed^[1] by being shot or stabbed to death with bayonets.^[4]

Napoleon's eulogists later wrote of this decision: "For, to keep in submission so considerable a number of prisoners, it would have been necessary to detach guards for them, which would have severely diminished his army's numbers; and if he had allowed them to leave free men, it was reasonable to fear that they might swell the ranks of Ahmed al-Jazzar's troops."^{[This quote needs a citation]}

Aftermath[]

The monument to Napoleon's soldiers at Stella Maris Monastery.

Napoleon also allowed hundreds of local citizens to leave the city, hoping that the news they would carry of Jaffa's fall would intimidate the defenders of the other cities in the Eyalet and Syria. This backfired, since their news instead made these defenders fight all the more fiercely.^{[citation needed]}

Meanwhile, a plague epidemic caused by poor hygiene in the French headquarters in Ramla decimated the local population and the French army alike.^[6] As he had also suggested during the siege of Acre, on the eve of the retreat from Syria-Palestine Napoleon suggested to his army doctors (led by Desgenettes), that the seriously ill troops who could not be evacuated should be given a fatal dose of laudanum, but they forced him to give up the idea.^{[citation needed]} Overcome in the north of the country by the Ottomans, Napoleon abandoned Palestine. After his departure the British, allied to the Ottomans and commanded by William Sidney Smith, rebuilt Jaffa's city walls.^{[citation needed]}

In the years 1800 to 1814, after a new nine-month siege, Jaffa was again taken over by Napoleon's former opponent, Ahmed al-Jazzar, Acre's governor.^{[citation needed]}

References[]