Battle of Orbulaq

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Battle of Orbulaq
Part of the Kazakh-Dzungar Wars
Date 1643 (1643) Location river Orbulaq, Kazakh Khanate (South Kazakhstan) Result Kazakh victory
Belligerents
Kazakh Khanate Khanate of Bukhara Kyrgyz people	Dzungar Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Jahangir Khan Salim Karasai Bahadur Nasiruddin Argyntai Bahadur Jalantush Bahadur	Huntaiji Erdeni-Batur Ochirtu Khan Ablaï-Taïsha
Strength
600 (Kazakh Khanate) 20.000 (Bukhara Khanate) 700 (Kyrgyz people)	50,000

The Battle of Orbulaq was fought in 1643 between Jahangir Khan and Huntaiji Erdeni Batur, resulting in the defeat of Erdeni Batur's army by the Jalantush Bahadur's Kazakhs, led by Jahangir Sultan (later Jahangir Khan) with the assistance of the Uzbek Emir of Samarkand. The battle, fought during a series of Kazakh-Dzungar Wars, was one of the initial turning points in the liberation war of the Kazakhs against the Dzhungar invasion in the 17th century.

Background[]

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The Dzungar Khanate was established by Erdeni Bataur on the upper Emil River south of the Tarbagatai Mountains in the first half of the 17th century.^[1] Starting from the middle of the 17th century, the strategic goal of the Dzhungar was to increase their territories for pastures by annexing the lands of neighboring khanates. An aggressive foreign policy towards Zhetysu and Central Asia aggravated Kazakhstan-Dzhungar relations and often led to military conflicts. The struggle with the Dzhungars was headed by the son of  [kk] - Jangir-Sultan (1629-1680). After 1635, Jangir-Sultan conducted a series of major battles with Dzhungar troops with varying success. In one of the battles in 1635, Jangir was defeated and captured. Being a Chingissid (a descendant of Genghis Khan's heir), Jangir was in a privileged position in the camp of Oirat huntaiji and, according to some sources, even married one of his daughters. After returning from captivity, Jangir again led the fight against the Dzhungars.

The campaigns of the Dzhungar troops showed the perniciousness of Kazakh tribal feuds and intra-feudal strife in the face of the aggressive threat that grew from year to year. In addition, from a military standpoint, the Dzhungar Khanate represented a serious danger to the Kazakh clans. Unlike some Asian peoples who mastered the “arrowed battle”, firearms with wicks and artillery appeared in service of the Dzhungar army as early as the end of the 17th century. For the war with the Kazakhs, the Dzhungars bought weapons and cannons from Russian gunsmiths and cast them with the help of Swede Johann Gustav Renat, a captured sergeant of Swedish artillery. The Dzhungar had a large and highly organized army at that time, of as many as two hundred thousand cavalry.

In 1640, a notorious kurultai took place, where the Kazakh steppes and rich cities of the Bukhara Khanate were chosen as the next target of the Dzungarian campaigns. In the winter of 1643, after short preparation, the expeditionary corps of the Dzhungars, headed by the new huntaiji Erdeni-Batur, his relative Orchita and his brother-in-law  [fr], moved to the Kazakh steppes.

Course of the battle[]

By the time this battle occurred, the Kazakh Khanate was well into its slow decline. They could only muster an army of 600 men. This relatively small Kazakh army was led by their ruler Jahangir Khan as well as commanders Salim Karamanai Bahadur, Nasiruddin Argyntai Bahadur, and Jalantush Bahadur.

The Kazakhs were deeply entrenched in the valley of the river Orbulaq in the southwestern foot slopes of the Dzungarian Alatau and waited in ambush for the arrival of the main forces. The Dzungar army, in contrast, was much larger. It stood at an estimated at around fifty thousand men strong, led by Erdeni Batyr.^[2] Half of the warriors organized obstacles in the path and the rest spread out on the cliffs, preparing an ambush on the Dzungars. This was the first time the Kazakh army had come prepared primarily with firearms rather than with swords or bow-and-arrow equipment. Many of the firearms the Kazakhs used were imported from Persia and were very modern for their time. This modern weaponry became a significant reason as to why the Kazakhs held of the Dzungars despite being heavily outnumbered on their own.

In the first hours of the battle the Dzhungars lost many of those marching in the avant-garde due to gunfire from the Kazakhs. Around this time, the 20,000 reinforcement troops of the Emirate of Bukhara arrived to provide additional support for the Kazakh army. They hit the Dzungars arrière-garde from the rear. The Kazakhs were no longer outnumbered and were able to fight the battle with relative ease. Erdeni Batyr was forced to retreat to Dzungaria, resulting in a decisive Kazakh victory.

Location of the battlefield[]

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The battle is known mainly from the notes of G.Ilyin and K. Kucheyev - Russian envoys to the Dzhungar huntaiji. In February 1643, Tobolsk servicemen, G. Ilyin and Kochimberdy Kucheyev, were sent from Tobolsk to Dzhungar Huntaiji Erdeni Batur in the southern Tarbagatai.

Since he had already gone to the raid on Zhetysu, the envoys waited for the Huntaiji to return for more than four months. From this campaign, he returned at the end of June, driving about 10,000 captured Kyrgyz. It is from these captives that they got all the details of the battle. Their report to Tobolsk governor says that five tumen strong (50 000), the Erdeni Batur-led-expedition forces, which set out to Kazakh Zhetysu, suffered major defeat by the allied forces of Kazakhs and Bukhara Khanate. Thus, the fact of the battle itself is documented. Unfortunately, Ilyin and Kucheev did not indicate the place of the battle.

Kazakh historian Ville Galiev in his book "Han Zhangir i Orbulakskaya bitva" (Jangir khan and Orbulaq battle), having studied the terrain and existing historical evidence, indicated the location of the battle as the Belzhailyau gorge in river Orbulaq valley in Dzhungar Alatau.

The Belzhailyau gorge situated in the valley of Orbulaq river is narrow and long. There is a high hill in the middle of it, located across the gorge, which resembles a bulk dam. From the east (Iliy valley) it has a gentle slope, and from the west (Balkhash) it is steep. This is the perfect place for an ambush. If you dig trenches along the top of the hill and put shooters there, the entire western part of the slope and the depression in front of the hill are clearly visible and are perfectly shot through.

But many historians doubt that such a major battle could have happened in the Dzungarian Alatau. According to most historians, by the middle of the seventeenth century the territory of Zhetysu was already in the hands of Dzungaria. The penetration of a small detachment of Jangir's warriors deep into enemy territory is theoretically possible, but another 20,000 soldiers of Yalantush (Zhalantos) questions the possibility of battlefield in Belzhailyau. It is highly questionable the huge army of the Emir of Samarkand could cover the roughly 900 kilometers from the border of the Bukhara Khanate to Belzhailyau. The mystery of the battle between the Dzhungar's Erdeni Batur and the Kazakh's Jangir-Sultan (who later became Khan) lies in the fact that no one knows where exactly it happened.

Controversy over the strength of Dzhungar army[]

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Many historians have expressed doubts about the size of the Dzungarian army. During this time period, 50,000 soldiers required a considerable amount of human resources. Historians suggest that most probably a mistake was made when calculating and the numbers were greatly overestimated.

Even in the well-known and documented battles between the Chinese and the Dzhungars, the latter usually deployed no more than 30 thousand soldiers. For the Dzhungar, the Chinese front was the primary one and the most bloody battles took place there, and it was there that the life and death of Dzhungaria was decided. Chinese bogdykhans sought to destroy the Khanate, which constantly ravaged its western provinces. Eventually, in 1758, only Qianglong succeeded in doing so.

As to the strength of the Dzhungar army in Orbulaq, it can be assumed that the word “tumen” was misunderstood by the Russian envoys. If at the time of Genghis Khan this military unit numbered 10 thousand soldiers, by the time of Orbulaq "tumen" was simply an independent detachment with 2-3 thousand people at most. During the preparation of Zhetysu campaign, Batur-huntaiji invited his relatives to participate in the raid - his younger brother Chokur's son Ochirta and son-in-law Ablai Taisha, some Koyu-Sultan and Ombo, son of neighboring Altan Khan. Each of them, apparently, participated with personal tumen.

Most likely, the Russian envoys, believing that the tumen was 10 thousand, simply multiplied it by five. Moreover, they received this information from the prisoners driven from the raid. The Dzhungars themselves would never revealed exact number of their troops, as that considered a strategic information.

Another moment is the interest of the warriors. The more soldiers involved in the campaign, the greater the number of shares. And what to take from the nomadic Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs except rams and horses? What would be the point of warriors risking their lives if they were not to get decent reward? Why use so many warriors in a routine raid on peaceful settlements? And if each warrior in a campaign had three horses (as Dzhungars and Mongols usually did) - that would mean 150 thousand horses! How to feed them in the desert Balkhash steppe? All these questions raise doubts about the indicated strength of the Dzhungar army. Some historians agree that a more realistic number of warriors is no more than 10-15 thousand.

Significance[]

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The plans of the Dzhungar huntaiji to seize Zhetysu had been frustrated. Kazakhs regained control over the region. Kazakhs won time to prepare for the further advance of the Dzhungars into the region.

Jangir-Sultan demonstrated the effectiveness of the new combat tactics of salvo firing from guns by foot soldiers. For Central Asia, it was a revolutionary experience in the use of firearms. Also for the first time in the military history of the Kazakh Khanate, trenches were used.

In tactical terms, the battle in Orbulaq demonstrated the ability of the Kazakh clans to join forces in the face of external threats. For the first time, representatives of three Kazakh zhuzes and their Uzbek allies successfully fought working in association.

Jangir Khan proved to be a good commander and a strong strategist. Jangir was awarded the honorary title "Salqam" (High). It is believed that Jangir was well-informed about the armament and organization of the Dzhungarian army; in 1635 Jangir-Sultan had been captured by the Kalmyk Taiji Hyundulen and held captive for several years. This knowledge, together with his leadership talent, helped the Kazakhs to eventually be victorious in the battle of Orbulaq.

The battle must have affected Dzungarian society as well. The unexpected defeat led to controversy among the Dzhungar feudal lords, weakening the state in the face of the threat of the long-planned Qing offensive, which eventually led to destruction of the khanate and mass genocide of Dzhungars.

Legacy[]

There is a granite stone on Belzhailyau hill placed in 1993 in honor of the 350th anniversary of the battle. The names Jangir Khan and of some batyrs who participated in the battle are written there. The heroic feat 375 years ago, during a period of nationwide struggle by the Kazakh people against the Dzhungar invaders is sometimes compared to the Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartans effectively stalled the overwhelming army of the Persians. A museum of the Orbulaq battle was planned to be built, by 2019.^[when?] The battle was re-staged on the Taldykorgan hippodrome during the celebration of the 550th anniversary of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate.^[3]

References[]