Beatrice d'Este
Beatrice d'Este | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Beatrice d'Este by Leonardo da Vinci, about 1495. | |
| Born | 29 June 1475 Ferrara, Italy |
| Died | 3 January 1497 (aged 21) Milan, Italy |
| Noble family | House of Este |
| Spouse(s) | |
| Issue | |
| Father | Ercole I d'Este |
| Mother | Leonora of Naples |
Beatrice d'Este (29 June 1475 – 3 January 1497), was duchess of Bari and Milan by marriage to Ludovico Sforza (known as "il Moro"). She was reputed as one of the most beautiful and accomplished princesses of the Italian Renaissance. A member of the d'Este family, she was the younger daughter of Ercole I d'Este and the sister of Isabella d'Este and Alfonso d'Este.
Life[]
Birth[]
She was born on 29 June 1475 in the Castello Estense of Ferrara,second child of Ercole I d'Este and Eleonora d'Aragona. It was named in honor of sister of Ercole, and Beatrice of Aragon, sister of Duchess Eleonora.[1] The Duke of Ferrara longed for a male heir, so his birth was welcomed as a disgrace.[2][3]
Childhood in Naples[]
Two years later Beatrice was taken to the Aragonese court with her mother and sister on the occasion of the second marriage of King Ferrante with Joan of Aragon. The procession, escorted by Niccolò da Correggio, arrived in Pisa and from there embarked on a galley arriving in Naples on 1 June 1477. On 19 September, Eleonora gave birth to Ferrante and when less than a month later she had to return to Ferrara, she decided to take her eldest daughter Isabella with her, while King Ferrante convinced her to leave both the newborn and Beatrice in Naples, with whom he had immediately shown himself to be in love.
Beatrice thus lived in the Neapolitan city for eight years, entrusted to the care of the nurse Serena and the cultured and virtuous aunt Ippolita Maria Sforza,and grew up between the ducal residence of Castel Capuano,where she lived with her younger brother and with her three cousins, Ferrandino, and Isabella,and the royal residence of Castel Nuovo,where the king and queen of Naples resided. Ferrante considered it a "same thing" with the infanta Giovannella his daughter, so much so that the Este ambassador wrote in 1479 to his mother Eleonora that the father would also return her son, now that he was older, but not Beatrice, because "his majesty wants to give her in marriage and keep her for himself".[4]
Marriage[]
The Ferrarese house of Este and the Milanese house of Sforza had always been on friendly terms and in 1490, in order to cement an alliance, Ludovico Sforza formally asked Ercole d'Este to give him the hand of his daughter in marriage. Ludovico, who was then duke of Bari and regent to the duke of Milan, had originally requested a betrothal to Isabella, Beatrice's older sister, but because she was already promised to Francesco Gonzaga, Ercole offered him Beatrice instead.[5] Il Moro made no objection to the arrangement and Beatrice was married to him in January 1491.[6]
The official nuptials were to have taken place in 1490 in a double wedding with Beatrice marrying Ludovico and Isabella marrying Francesco at the same time, but the Duke of Bari postponed it more than once.[7] Finally, around a year later, they were wed in a double Sforza-Este wedding: Ludovico married Beatrice, while Beatrice's brother, Alfonso d'Este, married Anna Sforza, the sister of Gian Galeazzo Sforza. Leonardo da Vinci orchestrated the wedding celebration.[8]
In Milan Beatrice will have two people dear in particular: the son-in-law Galeazzo Sanseverino, her faithful companion of adventures, to whom, especially in the early days, Ludovico entrusted the task of making his young wife have fun with trips to the countryside and similar entertainment, and Bianca Giovanna,illegitimate daughter of Ludovico and wife of the aforementioned Galeazzo, at the time of her father's wedding a nine-year-old girl, whom Beatrice immediately loved and wanted with her on every occasion.[8]
Duchess of Milan[]
Beatrice had been carefully educated, and availed herself of her position as mistress of one of the most splendid courts of Italy to gather around her learned men, poets and artists, such as , Bernardo Castiglione, Donato Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci, and many others.
Her patronage contributed to a number of buildings, including the Sforza Castle in Milan and Certosa di Pavia.[9] The Renaissance-era chronicler Francesco Muralto noted her beauty and love of dancing, further describing her as an "inventor of new clothes".[10]
In May 1493 she visited Venice as ambassador for her husband in his political schemes, which consisted chiefly of a desire to be recognized as duke of Milan.
After the birth of her eldest son Ercole, Beatrice's primary concern was to ensure her son's succession to the Duchy of Milan, which, however, legitimately belonged to the son of his cousin Isabella. The tensions between the two were accumulating over the following year, until, on 25 January 1494, the old king Ferrante died, who already foreshadowed the outbreak of a war that he had tried with all his might to avoid. Once ascended to the throne of Naples, his son Alfonso II did not hesitate to rush to the aid of his daughter Isabella, declaring war on his brother-in-law Ludovico and occupying, as the first sign of hostility, the city of Bari. Ludovico responded to the threats by leaving the green light to King Charles VIII of France to go down to Italy to conquer the kingdom of Naples, which he believed to be right, having been taken from the Aragonese from the Anjou.
In the turbulent phase of wars that followed, Beatrice found herself having to support her husband in her pro-French policy, despite the fact that this meant waging war on her own relatives. On 23 July 1494 she welcomed duke Louis of Orléans,cousin of the King of France, to Milan, who arrived in Italy with the avant-gardes of the army French, then, on 11 September of the same year, went to Asti to meet Charles VIII in person. The two were greeted with great riots and parties, and both claimed, according to the custom French, to kiss the duchess and all the beautiful bridesmaids of her retie on the mouth.[11]
King Charles in particular showed much admiration for the gracefulness with which he danced and the richness of his robes and requested a portrait of it, which could perhaps correspond to the sketch made by Leonardo da Vinci in charcoal.[12] On the death of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Ludovico's usurpation was legalized.
Soon, realizing that his plans had not gone as planned, Ludovico abandoned the alliance with the French and joined the Holy League, expressly formed among the various Italian powers to drive foreigners from the peninsula. While Charles, after the conquest of Naples, was still in the kingdom, in a situation of serious tension, on 11 June 1495, contravening the orders of the king, Louis of Orléans occupied the city of Novara with his men and went as far as Vigevano,threatening concretely to attack Milan with the intention of usurping the duchy, which he considered his right being a descendant of Valentina Visconti.
Ludovico hastened to close himself with his wife and children in the Rocca del Castello in Milan but, not feeling equally safe, he contemplated leaving the duchy to take refuge in Spain. Only the iron opposition of his wife and some members of the council, as Bernardino Coriowrites, convinced him to desist from this idea. Due to the serious tension of the moment, however, Ludovico fell ill, almost certainly due to a stroke that left him paralyzed for a short time, and therefore Beatrice found herself alone having to face the difficult situation of war. However, he managed to secure the support and loyalty of the Milanese nobles and to resist until the arrival of aid from Venice and Ferrara. It was then that her husband officially appointed her governor of Milan together with her brother Alfonso,who soon came to their rescue.[13]
On this occasion Beatrice demonstrated - not unlike her male relatives - a remarkable inclination to war, as evidenced by the fact that alone, without her husband, she went to the military camp of Vigevano to supervise the order and animate the captains against the French, while Ludovico remained ill in Milan. This is considerable when one considers that the conduct of war operations was at that time the prerogative of men.[14]
Louis d'Orléans, locked in Novara, was thus forced to endure a long and exhausting siege that decimated his men due to famine and epidemics, a siege from which he was finally defeated a few months later on the imposition of King Charles who returned to France.[15]
After these events Ludovico never separated from his wife again, indeed he took her back with him to the military camp near Novara, during the course of the siege. On the occasion of their visit was held, for the pleasure of the duchess who greatly appreciated the facts of arms, a memorable magazine of the army in full. Evidently the interference of Beatrice in certain matters did not have to garbare much to the Marquis of Mantua his brother-in-law, then captain general of the League, if at some point he invited not too kindly Ludovico to lock his wife "in coffers".[16] In any case, Beatrice personally participated in the council of war, as well as in the peace negotiations, as well as having participated in all the meetings held previously with the French, who did not fail to be amazed to see her actively collaborating alongside her husband.
For some time, moreover, Ludovico had shown the intention to make her the sole ruler of the state, and in fact in 1494 he had given her numerous feuds, including the park and the castle of Pavia and even the beloved the farm that Ludovico had years before created in the territory of Vigevano.[17]
After the Battle of Fornovo (1495), both he and his wife took part in the peace congress of Vercelli between Charles VIII of France and the Italian princes, at which Beatrice showed great political ability.
However, her brilliant career was cut short by death through childbirth, on 3 January 1497 at the age of 21. In a letter written hours after her death, Ludovico informed his brother-in-law Francesco Gonzaga that his wife, "gave back her spirit to God" half an hour after midnight. Their child had been born at eleven at night and was a stillborn son.[18]
Issue[]
- Ercole Massimiliano Sforza (25 January 1493 – 4 June 1530), duke of Milan 1512–1515.
- Francesco II Sforza (4 February 1495 – 24 October 1535), duke of Milan 1521–1535.
- Stillborn son (3 January 1497).
Appearance and personality[]
Beatrice was short in stature and therefore used to wear tiles to try to reduce the difference in height with her husband, over a meter and eighty meters tall. In the International Footwear Museum of Vigevano there is a floor dating back to the late fifteenth century attributed to the duchess who, considering the size, must have had 34-35 feet. The Mural presents it as "in iuvenili aetate, formosa ac nigri colorix". Pleasing, she had a small nose, slightly turned upwards, full cheeks typical of the Aragonese, dark eyes and long brown hair that she always kept wrapped in a long Catalan braid (called in Milan) long under the waist and with a pair of strands that she let fall on the cheeks, a costume that she had already taken during her childhood in Naples by the will of the ancestor Ferrante who, as the ambassadors of her father write, made her sycour and dressed in the Castilian way.[4]
Thanks to her young age, Beatrice was of a happy, cheerful, carefree, playful character, but, not unlike all her male brothers, she was also unreflective, violent, impulsive and easily let herself be carried away by anger. Proof of this are many episodes of the Milanese period, including a famous one that happened in April 1491 when, going with some of her ladies to the market disguised as a commoner, she was surprised by a downpour, and while returning to the castle she squabbled on the street with certain commoners who had insulted her because of the clothes with which she and the ladies had sheltered their heads from the rain, not being customary in Milan to dress in that way. On another occasion, realizing that Ludovico wanted to make her wear a dress that he had sewed the same for Gallerani, he made a scene and forced him to end the extramarital affair.
In any case, the court of Milan was a court that loved pranks and Beatrice in particular, having evidently inherited cruelty from her Aragonese relatives, liked heavy ones, if Ludovico writes that one morning she had fun with her cousin Isabella to throw her ladies off her horse. The most terrible jokes, however, were all against the serious Este ambassador at the time seventy years old, who found himself several times the house invaded by "large quantities of foxes, wolves and wild cats ", that Ludovico bought from certain villani vigevanesi and that Beatrice, having realized how much similar beasts were in "great hatred and annoyance " to the ambassador, made him throw into the house as much as he could by means of waiters and staffers who resorted to the most unthinkable expedients.
Since the ambassador was also quite stingy, Beatrice even went so far as once to rob him of what he was wearing, however for a good cause: while in fact Ludovico held him still by the arms, she took away two golden ducats from the scarsella, the silk hat and the new oltremontano cloth cloak, then gave the two ducats to Trotti's niece, who evidently had to find it in need. The ambassador continually complained to the duchess's father, saying: "and these are my earnings, since I have the damage and insults, as well as I should waste time writing them!"[19]
Such heavy jokes were perhaps also due to a sort of personal revenge: Ludovico used to openly confide in Trotti of everything, and the latter, especially in the first weeks of marriage, kept Duke Ercole constantly informed of the behavior that his daughter kept in bed with her husband. It is not certain that Beatrice had become aware of it, but she certainly did not have to like trotti's meddling when he reproached her for her frigidity by saying that "men want to be well seen and caressed, as is just and honest, by their wives", if the latter then reported to his father that his daughter was with him "a little wild".[20]
Nevertheless Beatrice had limits and never reached the cynicism of her grandfather Ferrante. In fact, when Isabella of Aragon was widowed by her husband Gian Galeazzo, who became aware of the fact that her cousin, although pregnant, remained for the whole time locked up in the dark rooms of the castle of Pavia, forcing even her young children to dress the mourning and to suffer with her, Beatrice had great compassion and insisted that she come to Milan and improve the conditions of the children.
With her brothers she always maintained excellent relations, especially she showed affection towards Ferrante,with whom she had grown up in Naples, and towards Alfonso,who came several times to visit her in Milan. With her sister Isabella the relationship was already more complicated because, although the two felt a sincere affection for each other, for a certain period they moved away because of the envy of Isabella, who already from the very day of the wedding began to nourish mixed feelings towards Beatrice, to whom she envied both the lucky marriage, both the enormous wealth, and, above all, the two sons in perfect health born a short distance from each other, while she tried for years in vain to procreate an heir to her husband Francesco. However, over time the envy subsided, and then dissolved completely at the premature death of her sister, an event for which Isabella showed a deep and sincere pain.
The two sisters were however very different, although sharing the same ambitions, in fact unlike Isabella, who nuded resentment towards her daughters for being born females and poured the blame on her husband Francesco (who was instead very proud of his daughters),[21] Beatrice was, despite her young age, a wife and an exemplary mother, loved her children very much and dedicated to them many attentions of which are witnesses the tender letters sent to her mother Eleonora in which she described the good health and growth of the little Ercole.
Vincenzo Calmeta, his faithful and affectionate secretary, praised his ingenuity, affability, grace, liberality, exalted his court of gentlemen, musicians and poets. He was certainly a lover of luxury so much so that the only wardrobe in his rooms at the castle of Pavia contained 84 dresses as well as countless other valuables.
Just like the grand-father Ferrante, Beatrice loved animals very much and her husband often gave them to her: among the many there are numerous horses, dogs, cats, foxes, wolves, a monkey and even sorcetti, also at the park of the castle of Milan there was a menagerie with numerous species of exotic animals.[22] Nevertheless, Beatrice appreciated hunting just as much, especially that with the falcon, which must probably have already begun the ancestor during his childhood in Naples, having been King Ferrante a great lover of this discipline. He was also an excellent horseman and showed above all on these occasions to possess a swaggering and reckless character, so much so as to put his life in danger more than once, as when in the summer of 1491 during a hunting trip his mount was hit by an imbizzarrito deer. Ludovico tells, not without a certain admiration, that his horse impennò high "how much is a good spear ", but that Beatrice held firmly on the saddle and that when they managed to reach her they found her that "laughed and did not have a fear in the world". The deer with the horns had touched her leg but Ludovico specifies that his wife did not get hurt.[23]
In the same way in the following year, while pregnant with her eldest son, Beatrice threw herself to the assault of an angry boar that had already wounded some greyhounds and first hit him. The hunting fatigues had to, however, on that occasion yield her a new attack of malarial fevers that had already affected her the previous year and that this time made the central months of pregnancy difficult, although without damaging the unborn child or complicating the birth.
Although very religious, Beatrice was not austere with regard to carnal matters: she knew well that wars are not won only with weapons and for this reason some of the bridesmaids of her retin had the task of sexually entertaining the sovereigns and foreign dignitaries guests of the court. It is in fact not without a certain surprise that historians remember how, when in 1495 she was at the camp of Novara, Beatrice did not hesitate to offer to personally procure to her brother-in-law Francesco Gonzaga, captain general of the League, a woman with which to celebrate the victory, officially to preserve him and his sister Isabella from the terrible Malfrancese who at that time devastated the peninsula, in truth to win his sympathies, as he wished to receive on loan from the Marquis the treasure that he had seized from the tent of Charles VIII following the battle of Fornovo,when the camp French had been looted, treasure of which the most interesting object was an album containing the licentious portraits of all the mistresses of the king of France.[24]
However, she was quite modest as far as her own person was concerned, in fact she entrusted herself to the services of a single midwife, comare Frasina da Ferrara, who had introduced her mother and that Beatrice demanded that she come to assist her in Milan even during her third birth, despite the fact that the woman was sick at that time and despite the fact that her father had suggested another equally talented midwife from Ferrara. There were many insistences of the duchess and the people mobilized, who in the end comare Frasina set off on a mule to reach Milan in time.[25]
Political role and relations with her husband[]
The "damnatio memoriae"[]
It is absolutely wrong the judgment of some scholars who believe that Beatrice had no role in the politics of the duchy, reducing her in fact to "modest and even pleasant" wife of Ludovico, as he himself describes her in a letter written shortly after the wedding. Beatrice pursued from the beginning the policy of her father Ercole,who for years had been plotting to replace Ludovico to Gian Galeazzo in the actual possession of the duchy of Milan and who with this precise purpose had given it to him in marriage. It is to be believed that without the interference of his wife Ludovico would never have taken the step of usurping the duchy to his nephew in all respects and that he would have been content to continue to govern him as regent as he had been doing for more than ten years. It is no coincidence that it was said, on the same admission of Ludovico, that with the birth of the little Ercole Massimiliano Beatrice had given birth to a son to her husband and also to her father.
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When then, at the time of the first invasion French, Beatrice perceived the first differences of interest between the two - Ercole had remained officially neutral, but leaned towards the French, Lodovico instead had sided with the Holy League - he showed himself very embittered and did not hesitate, even with the usual filial reverence, to reproach his father for not having wanted to send them the aid requested.[26] Moreover, both the diplomatic mission to Venice, her constant presence in the councils of war and in meetings with the French, and, above all, her decisive stance in the excited days when Orleans threatened Milan, in stark contrast this time to her husband's intentions to escape, clearly demonstrate that her decision-making and political power was much more consistent than is commonly thought. Add to these assertions also the actual drift of the Sforza state following the death of Beatrice.
It was the contemporary historians on the other hand, unlike the modern ones, to recognize its importance: in addition to Sanudo, who writes of her that although "five months pregnant" wherever her husband went "for everything he followed him"[27], Guicciardini also notes that Beatrice was "assiduously companion" to her husband "no less in the important things than in the pleasant ones".[28] Paolo Giovio, on the other hand, paints an entirely negative picture of it, blaming Beatrice - traditionally attributed to Ludovico - for having called the French to Italy, although he is the only author to speak of it in these terms:
Beatrice, wife of Lodovico ... woman of superb and great pomp, the many times he used to use much more arrogantly, than it is convenient for a woman, to intrude in the handling of important things, dispense the offices and still command to' judges of criminal and civil things, so that Lodovico, who until then had been seduced by her flattery, was kept very loving of his wife, was sometimes forced to please the desire of the troublesome woman
— Dell'historie del suo tempo di Mons. Paolo Giovio da Como, vescovo di Nocera tradotta per Lodouico Domenichi, 1560.
All the opposite his secretary, Vincenzo Calmeta judges the behavior worthy of praise, not of reproach, when he writes of her:
She was a woman of literature, music, sound and a lover of every other virtuous exercise, and in matters of the state, above sex and age, of virile tolerance. She solved the occurrences with such dexterity and unity, and nevertheless went away satisfied whoever from her Lordship of her did not obtain the benefit, that what she obtained. She added to this a liberality with her, from which it can be said that in her time she had been the only receptacle of every virtuous spirit, by means of which every laudable virtue was beginning to be put into use.
— Vincenzo Calmeta, Triumphi.
Bernardino Corio even claims that already at the age of thirteen, even before arriving in Milan, Beatrice together with her father Ercole had urged Ludovico to reduce entirely in his own hands the government of the city, however his real influence in that period is difficult to prove. Nevertheless, already at the time of his stay in Naples, and therefore in a still puerile age, he proved to be such as to induce Count to write to her father: "of her I predict that she will be a woman of great spirit and able to command ".[29]
The only reason why the duchess's work went unnoticed in the eyes of posterity, even more than for her very premature death, was that unlike her sister Isabella, who did not care to diverge openly from the interests and decisions of her husband Francesco,so much so that the latter lamented it by saying that in doing so his wife was making him ridiculous and accused her of having been the cause of her own ruin, even going so far as to call her "that whore of my wife",[30] Beatrice always took care not to disfigure her husband in the eyes of public opinion and never put their marital discords ahead of the common interests of the family.
Marital bond[]
Ludovico, on the other hand, was sincerely in love with his wife, although he continued to have lovers even after the wedding, like most of the lords of the time. In a letter he writes of her: "she is more dear to me than the light of the sun".[31] The harmony of the couple is also confirmed by as well as by the correspondence between his sister Isabella d'Este and Galeazzo Sanseverino who already after the marriage writes to her "there is such a love between them that I don't think two people can love each other more ".
On the other hand, notes that if it is true that the love shown by Ludovico should not be nourished by any doubt, however, the extent and the real nature of the feeling with which his wife reciprocated him remains uncertain. Undoubtedly, even if at the beginning Beatrice showed herself reluctant, her husband still managed in a short time to conquer her with his generosity, affability and liberality, but above all with the very rich gifts that in the early days he brought her almost every day, so much so that already a few months after the wedding Beatrice wrote a series of letters to her father, all to thank him that he had deigned to "place me with this illustrious Lord my consort" who "who does not leave me in desire for anything that can bring me honor or pleasure", and still adds: "I am completely obliged to your lordship, because she is the cause of all the good I have".[32] What transpires from the correspondence of that period is therefore a very young Beatrice dazzled by the wealth and importance of her husband, who was then one of the most powerful men on the peninsula, endowed with considerable charm and who did not yet show the weaknesses and contradictions of recent years.
It should also be noted that her mother Eleonora never had to urge her to take care of her husband during his illnesses, something that Beatrice always did spontaneously and in person, as she had to exhort the other daughter Isabella, who instead used to neglect her sick husband as well as neglected even her daughters. Always unlike Isabella, with whom Ludovico himself claimed years later to have had a secret relationship, a rumor that his father-in-law Ercole promptly hastened to deny, beatrice never fell back even the slightest suspicion of adultery. Precisely because he blindly trusted her, Ludovico granted her great freedom and entrusted her with the task of entertaining foreign rulers and dignitaries.
Beatrice, on the other hand, was aware of her husband's extramarital affairs, but did not give them weight because she knew they were passing distractions.[33] The balance was drastically upset with the appearance of Lucrezia Crivelli in the ranks of the mistresses, as Beatrice had to realize that this time Ludovico had seriously fallen in love and that she had begun to dedicate to the new lover all the care and attention that she once dedicated to her.[34]
Legacy[]
Beatrice d'Este belonged to the best class of Renaissance women, and was one of the cultural influences of the age; to a great extent, her patronage and good taste are responsible for the splendour of the Castello Sforzesco in Milan, the Certosa of Pavia, and many other famous buildings in Lombardy. Beatrice was buried in the choir of the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The duke commissioned a funeral monument for himself and his wife to Cristoforo Solari, but following his death in captivity in France, he was transferred, empty, to the Certosa di Pavia where he still stands today.[8]
Ritratto di dama[]
Beatrice d'Este is very often mistaken as the sitter of Ritratto di dama by Ambrogio de Predis at the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana in Milan. Investigations between 2010 and 2013 by Martin Kemp/ and a German researcher brought to light strong evidence that the true sitter of the painting is not Beatrice d'Este but Anna Sforza.[35] A historically confirmed profile portrait of Beatrice d'Este can be found in the Pala Sforzesca. Another authentic document of Beatrice d'Este's appearance can be found in a bust by Giovanni Cristoforo Romano in the early 1490s.
Pala Sforzesca (1494) with Beatrice d'Este, kneeling on the right.
Bust of the young Beatrice d'Este by Giovanni Cristoforo Romano, c. 1490.
Portrait of a Woman, Ambrogio de Predis.
Literature and Music[]
- In The Second Mrs. Giaconda, a novel by E. L. Konigsburg, her dull appearance is crucial. "She's small and dark and perfectly plain", the main character says when he first sees her; when they meet she is "trying to get the sun to make me blond and beautiful"; when she meets Leonardo da Vinci she laments her "plain brown wrapping"; and so on.[36] She overcomes her looks and after death one of her insights becomes a cause of Leonardo's Mona Lisa.[clarification needed "One of her insights becomes a cause"?]
- In the novel Duchess of Milan author Michael Ennis explores Beatrice d'Este's tenure as Duchess of Bari and eventually as first lady of Milan as well as her friendship and rivalry with Isabella of Aragon.
- The French composer Reynaldo Hahn evokes her court in his 1905 suite for winds, piano, winds, two harps, and percussion, Le Bal de Béatrice d'Este.
Ancestors[]
| showAncestors of Beatrice d'Este |
|---|
References[]
Notes
- ^ J. M. Cartwright, Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475-1497, Londra, 1903, pp. 4-5
- ^ Anonimo ferrarese. Diario ferrarese.
- ^
.Melchiorri.Gruppioni
— p.96 - ^ Jump up to: a b Maria Serena Mazzi. Come rose d'inverno, le signore della corte estense nel '400.
- ^ Cartwright (1903), pp. 8–9
- ^ J. M. Cartwright, Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475-1497, Londra, 1903, pp. 60-66
- ^ Shell, Janice; Sironi, Grazioso (1992). "Cecilia Gallerani: Leonardo's Lady with an Ermine". Artibus et Historiae. 13 (25): 47–66 pp.57. doi:10.2307/1483456.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Julia Cartwright, Beatrice d'Este duchessa di Milano.
- ^ GORDON CAMPBELL, ed. (2003). "Este, Beatrice d'". The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. Oxford University Press.(subscription required)
- ^ Muraltus, Franciscus (1861). Petrus Aloisius Doninius (ed.). Annalia. Milan. p. 54.
Anno Christi MCDLXXXXVII Beatrix Herculis Ducis Ferrariae filia ac Ludovici Sfortiae Mediolani Ducis uxor hoc anno tertio ianuarii ex infelici partu suum diem clausit extremum, duobus post se natis masculis relictis; quae erat in iuvenili aetate, formosa ac nigri coloris, novarum vestium inventrix, die noctuque stans in choreis ac deliciis.
- ^ F. Malaguzzi Valeri, La corte di Lodovico il Moro, Milano, 1913, pp. 35-36
- ^ F. Malaguzzi Valeri, La corte di Lodovico il Moro, Milano, 1913, p. 48
- ^ Bernardino Zambotti. Diario Ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504. p. 252.
- ^ Marino Sanuto, The expedition of Charles VIII in Italy, 1883, p. 438.
- ^ J. M. Cartwright, Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475-1497, Londra, 1903, pp. 4-5
- ^ Marino Sanuto, The expedition of Charles VIII in Italy, 1883, p. 438.
- ^ F. Malaguzzi Valeri, La corte di Lodovico il Moro, Milano, 1913, p. 381
- ^ Cartwright (1903), pp. 307–308
- ^ F. Malaguzzi Valeri, La corte di Lodovico il Moro, Milano, 1913, pp. 35-36
- ^ Daniela Pizzagalli, La dama con l'ermellino.
- ^ Daniela Pizzagalli. La signora del Rinascimento. Vita e splendori di Isabella d'Este alla corte di Mantova.
- ^ F. Malaguzzi Valeri, La corte di Lodovico il Moro, Milano, 1913, p. 376
- ^ J. M. Cartwright, Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475-1497, Londra, 1903, pp. 4-5
- ^ R.Renier, Delle relazioni d'Isabella d'Este Gonzaga con Lodovico e Beatrice Sforza, Milano, 1890, p. 87
- ^ Luisa Giordano, Beatrice d'Este.
- ^ Luisa Giordano. Beatrice d'Este.
- ^ Marino Sanuto, La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia, 1883, p. 100.
- ^ Francesco Guicciardini. "XI". Storia d'Italia. 1, II.
- ^ Maria Serena Mazzi. Come rose d'inverno, le signore della corte estense nel '400.
- ^ Società storica lombarda. Archivio storico lombardo. p. 57.
- ^ Gustavo Uzielli. Leonardo da Vinci e tre gentildonne milanesi del secolo XV.
Cecilia Gallerani e Lucrezia Crivelli soddisfacevano a Lodovico le aspirazioni del cuore e dei sensi, Beatrice era sprone alla sua ambizione. Egli lo sentiva. Quindi la morte della Duchessa fu certo causa in lui di profondo e sincero pianto. Tale infausto avvenimento segnò per il Moro il principio di una serie di sventure che sembrarono realizzare i tristi presentimenti di lui e che lo accasciarono, come non avrebbe certamente fatto se esso avesse avuto a fianco la nobile e fiera Consorte.
line feed character in|quote=at position 242 (help) - ^ Luisa Giordano, Beatrice d'Este.
- ^ Daniela Pizzagalli. La dama con l'ermellino. p. 126.
Da una lettera dell'ambasciatore Trotti: "la duchessa de Milano [Isabella d'Aragona] dixe che a lei molto più doleva de Cecilia che non a la duchessa de Bari [Beatrice d'Este], la quale saveva e intendeva il tutto, come se niente fosse, ma che non era sì ignorante e grossa che non savesse e intendesse ogni cosa".
- ^ Anonimo ferrarese. Diario ferrarese.
- ^ Reimann, Sascha: "Ritratto di dama (Ambrosiana Milan) The Sitter – The Painter – New Evidences", s.l., December 2013; see also Kemp, Martin/Cotte, Pascal, 2010. La Bella Principessa. London: Hodder & Stoughton, p. 63.
- ^ Konigsburg, E.L. (1975). The Second Mrs. Giaconda. Atheneum Books. pp. 38, 51, 59, passim. ISBN 0-689-30480-3.
Sources
- Cartwright, Julia (1903). Beatrice D'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475–1497: A Study of the Renaissance. J. M. Dent.
External links[]
Media related to Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan at Wikimedia Commons
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- 1475 births
- 1497 deaths
- Deaths in childbirth
- House of Este
- House of Sforza
- Duchesses of Milan
- 15th-century Italian nobility
- Renaissance women