Bosnia (early medieval)

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Bosnia
Bosna
Босна
7th century–1154
Bosnian Stećak with the Bosnian Golden lily, lilium bosniacum. of Bosnia

Bosnian Stećak with the Bosnian Golden lily, lilium bosniacum.
CapitalKatera or Desnik
DemonymBosnians
History
History 
• Established
7th century
• Ban Borić appointed as Bosnian ban
1154
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty
Banate of Bosnia
Today part ofBosnia and Herzegovina
Territorial development of Bosnia during the Middle Ages; earliest medieval period colored darkest, as the original Bosnia
Part of a series on the
History of
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Early history
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  • Bosnia in the Early Middle Ages (before 10th c.)
  • Travunia - Zachumlia (~9th–14th c.)
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  • Bosansko Krajište (1451-1463)
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Ottoman era
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    (Bosnian crisis)
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Republika Srpska)
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Bosnia (Greek: Βοσωνα/Bosona, Bosnian: Bosna), in the Early Middle Ages to early High Middle Ages was territorially and politically defined entity,[1] governed at first by knez and then by a ruler with the ban title, from at least 838 AD.[2][3][4] Situated, broadly, around upper and middle course of the Bosna river, between valleys of the Drina river on the east and the Vrbas river on the west, which comprise a wider area of central and eastern modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. The earliest description sets Bosnia as an independent entity in 838 AD, with a knez Ratimir as the country's ruler.[2][3]

Geography[]

The very nucleus where the first Bosnian state emerged and had developed is Visoko valley, surrounding a wider area of modern-day town of Visoko.[5][6] The early Bosnia, according to Vego and Mrgić, as well as Hadžijahić and Anđelić, was situated, broadly, around the Bosna river, between its upper and the middle course: in the south to north direction between the line formed by its source and the Prača river in the south, and the line formed by the Drinjača river and the Krivaja river (from Olovo, downstream to town of Maglaj), and Vlašić mountain in the north, and in the west to east direction between the Rama-Vrbas line stretching from the Neretva to Pliva in the west, and the Drina in the east, which is a wider area of central and eastern modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.[7][8][4]

Confirmation of its emergence and territorial distribution comes from historiographical interpretation of Bar's Chronicle in modern and post-modern scholarship, which situate the state around the Upper Bosna river and the Upper Vrbas river, including Uskoplje, Pliva and Luka.[4] This also suggest that this distribution from the Bosna river valley into the Vrbas river valley is the earliest recorded. These three small parishes will later become a quintessence for emergence of Donji Kraji county, before they were reclaimed as Kotromanić's demesne, after 1416 and death of Hrvoje Vukčić.[7][8][4]

History[]

The western Balkans had been reconquered from "barbarians" by Roman Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). Sclaveni (Slavs) raided the western Balkans, including Bosnia, in the 6th century.[9] The first mention of a Bosnian entity comes from the De Administrando Imperio (DAI in further text),[10] which mention Bosnia (Βοσωνα/Bosona) as a "small/little land" or a "small country",[10] χοριον Βοσωνα/horion Bosona,[11] positioned in the upper course of the Bosna river, settled by Slavs who in time created their own unit with a ruler calling himself a Bosnian.[12][13][14][15]

As for the question of whether the inhabitants of Bosnia were really Croat or really Serb in 1180, it cannot be answered, for two reasons: first, because we lack evidence, and secondly, because the question lacks meaning.[16][17]

Historical and archaeological information on early medieval Bosnia remains inadequate.[18] According to DAI, Bosnia included two inhabited towns,[19] Katera and Desnik.[20] Katera has been thought to be identified as Kotorac near Sarajevo, however, according to Bulić 2013, archaeology refutes this. Katera may have been situated in the vicinity of modern-day Kotor Varoš, the potential site could be Bobac or Bobos, however, site only includes late medieval findings to date.[19] Desnik remains wholly unidentified, but was thought to be near .[19] If DAI's kastra oikoumena does not designate inhabited towns, but ecclesiastical centers instead, as theorized by late Tibor Živković, the two towns in question might be Bistua (Zenica or Vitez) and Martar (probably Konjic).[19]

In the early middle ages, Fine Jr. believes that westernmost parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina were part of Duchy of Croatia, while the easternmost parts were part of Principality of Serbia,[12] although, the harsh and usually inaccessible elevated terrains of the country most likely never came under direct control of either of the two neighboring Slavic states, and instead always had its own distinct political governance. This is reinforced by the Byzantine writer Cinnamus, who wrote:

..the river Drina which has its source somewhere in the upper lands, separates Bosnia from Serbia, Bosnia, isn't subordinated to the Serb ruler, instead the people in it have a special way of life and governance.[21]

After death of Serbian ruler Časlav (r. ca. 927–960), who conquered Bosnia during his reign, Bosnia separated from the Serbian state, together with Raška, Travunija, Zahumlje and Paganija, and became politically independent.[4][22] Bulgaria briefly subjugated Bosnia at the turn of the 10th century, after which followed period of Byzantine rule.[22] In the 11th century, Bosnia was briefly part of the state of Duklja (predecessor of Montenegro).[22]

During the mid-12th century, the Banate of Bosnia emerged under its first ruler Ban Borić. After Ban Kulin Bosnia was by practical means an independent state, but that was constantly challenged by Hungarian kings who tried to reestablish its authority.[23]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Vego 1982, p. 104"All the aforementioned historical sources on the use of the title "King of Rama" in the offices of Hungarian kings and feudal lords and some foreign diplomats in Europe must be proof of independent Bosnia in the period of Early Middle Ages, especially in the early 12th century, regardless of temporary conquests of Bosnia by neighboring and foreign rulers"
    Original source: Svi pomenuti historijski izvori o upotrebi naslova "kralj Rame" u kancelarijama ugarskih kraljeva i feudalaca i nekih stranih diplomata u Evropi, moraju se smatrati da označavaju samostalnu Bosnu već u ranom periodu srednjeg vijeka, naročito u početku 12. vijeka, bez obzira na privremeno osvajanje Bosne od strane susjednih i stranih vladara
  2. ^ a b Vego 1982, pp. 18, 25 "Knez Ratimir bi bio prvi poznati knez na području Bosne kao samostalne oblasti."
  3. ^ a b Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). Povijest Bosne u IX i X stoljeću (in Serbo-Croatian) (from the original University of Michigan ed.). Sarajevo: Preporod. pp. 14, 15, 32, 33. ISBN 9789958820274. Retrieved 28 December 2019. Vladavina Bladinova nasljednika Ratimira može se datirati u 838. godinu.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mrgić-Radojčić, Jelena (2002). Donji Kraji: Krajina srednjovekovne Bosne (in Serbo-Croatian). Filozofski fakultet. p. 32. ISBN 978-86-80269-59-7. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  5. ^ Filipović 2002, p. 203.
  6. ^ Vego 1982, p. 77.
  7. ^ a b Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). "1. NAJSTARIJA POVIJEST BOSNE U DOSADAŠNJOJ HISTORIOGRAFIJI". Povijest Bosne u IX i X stoljeću (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Preporod. pp. 9–20. ISBN 9789958820274. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  8. ^ a b Vego 1982, pp. 26–33 lGranice najstarije oblasti Bosne
  9. ^ Fine 1991, p. 32.
  10. ^ a b Kaimakamova & Salamon 2007, p. 244.
  11. ^ Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka (in Bosnian). Preporod. p. 25. ISBN 978-9958-815-00-3.
  12. ^ a b Fine 1991, p. 53.
  13. ^ "The Charter of Kulin is the best legally Bosnia and Herzegovina state document". Institute For Research of Genocide Canada (IGC) (in English and Serbo-Croatian). 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Šta je Povelja Kulina bana bez domovine". Al Jazeera Balkans (in Bosnian). 2 January 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  15. ^ Pejo Ćošković (July 2000). "Pogledi o povijesti Bosne i crkvi bosanskoj". Journal - Institute of Croatian History (in Croatian). Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb, FF press. 32–33 (1). ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 15 February 2013. Razlikovanje Bosne od ostalih kasnije stečenih dijelova ostalo je prisutno u titulaturi bosanskih vladara tijekom čitavog srednjeg vijeka. Uvažavanje te složenosti bosanskog državnog prostora može pružiti podlogu i pomoći pri razmišljanju o etničkoj i narodnosnoj pripadnosti srednjovjekovnog bosanskog stanovništva. U tijesnoj vezi s tim je postanak i funkcioniranje naziva Bošnjani kojim su u domaćoj izvornoj građi nazivani politički podanici bosanskih vladara od vremena Stjepana II. Kotromanića. Rjeđe su taj naziv Dubrovčani talijanizirali i pisali kao Bosignani.
  16. ^ Malcolm, N. (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. New York University Press. ISBN 9780814755617. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
  17. ^ Kaimakamova & Salamon 2007, p. 244
  18. ^ Bulić 2013, p. 155.
  19. ^ a b c d Bulić 2013, p. 156.
  20. ^ Moravcsik 1967.
  21. ^ Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka (in Bosnian). Preporod. p. 31. ISBN 9958-815-00-1.
  22. ^ a b c Bulić 2013, p. 157.
  23. ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.

Sources[]

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