Buenos Aires Province

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This article is about the province. For the capital of Argentina, see Buenos Aires. For the independent republic, see State of Buenos Aires.
Buenos Aires
Provincia de Buenos Aires
Province
From top, left to right: view of downtown La Plata, view of Carmen de Patagones by the Río Negro, cliffs in the Atlantic Coast, Cerro Tres Picos, the Basilica of Our Lady of Luján, a natural landscape of the Pampas, view of Mar del Plata and view of Tandil.
Flag of Buenos Aires
Flag
Coat of arms of Buenos Aires
Coat of arms
Location of Buenos Aires Province within Argentina
Location of Buenos Aires Province within Argentina
Coordinates: 33°42′S 61°00′W / 33.700°S 61.000°W / -33.700; -61.000Coordinates: 33°42′S 61°00′W / 33.700°S 61.000°W / -33.700; -61.000
CountryArgentina
CapitalLa Plata
Government
 • GovernorAxel Kicillof (Frente de Todos)
 • LegislatureChamber of Deputies (92)
Senate (46)
 • National Deputies
70
 • National SenatorsEsteban Bullrich, Gladys González, Juliana Di Tullio
Area

Ranked 1st
 • Total307,571 km2 (118,754 sq mi)
Population
 (2010[1])
 • Total15,625,084
 • Rank1st
 • Density51/km2 (130/sq mi)
Demonym(s)bonaerense
Time zoneUTC−3 (ART)
ISO 3166 codeAR-B
HDI (2018)0.820 Very High (17th)[2]
Websitewww.gba.gob.ar

Buenos Aires (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbwenos ˈajɾes]), officially the Buenos Aires Province (Provincia de Buenos Aires [pɾoˈβinsja ðe ˈβwenos ˈajɾes]), is the largest and most populous Argentine province. It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the country, which used to be part of the province and the province's capital until it was federalized in 1880. Since then, in spite of bearing the same name, the province does not include Buenos Aires proper, though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area. The capital of the province is the city of La Plata, founded in 1882.

The province is the only one within Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades (the other provinces have departamentos). It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast, Santa Fe to the north, Córdoba to the northwest, La Pampa to the west, Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast. Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast, and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region.

The province has a population of about 15.6 million people, which is 39% of Argentina's total population. Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires. The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 (118,754 sq mi), which is about 11% of Argentina's total area and makes it the country's largest province.

History[]

Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas (1841 oil portrait by Cayetano Descalzi) ruled until 1852 with an iron fist and kept the fragile Confederation under the tutelage of Buenos Aires Province.

The inhabitants of the province before the 16th-century advent of Spanish colonization were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and the Querandíes. Their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived. The survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentina's European ethnic majority.

Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536. Even though the first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541. Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de Los Buenos Aires.

Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires, whose port was always the center of the economy of the territory. Following the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the end of the 18th century, the export of meat, leather and their derivatives through the port of Buenos Aires was the basis of the economic development of the region.

Jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century when the Salado River became the limit between both civilizations, despite frequent malones (aboriginal attacks on border settlements). The end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert (Conquista del Desierto) in which the aboriginals were almost completely exterminated.

After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to the establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power, which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians, and over the Port of Buenos Aires (the prime source of public revenue at the time) fueled periodic hostilities. The province was declared independent on September 11, 1852, as the State of Buenos Aires. Concessions gained in 1859 Pact of San José de Flores and a victory at the Battle of Pavón led to its reincorporation into the Argentine Republic on December 17, 1861. Intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province.

Period illustration of the 1882 placement of La Plata's foundation stone.

La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for the purpose of becoming the provincial capital. The equivalent of a billion (1880s) dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the province's population, like Argentina's, nearly doubled to one million by 1895 and doubled again by 1914.[3] Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in the province by 1914; many developed around the new railway stations.

This era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices (99% of Argentine exports were agricultural) and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations. The new Concordance and Perón governments funded ambitious lending and public works programs, visible in Buenos Aires Province through the panoply of levees, power plants, water works, paved roads, municipal buildings, and (particularly during Perón's 1946-55 tenure) schools, clinics and massive regional hospitals.

The province's population, after 1930, began to grow disproportionately quickly in the suburban areas of Buenos Aires. These suburbs had grown to include 4 million out of the province's total 7 million people in 1960.[3] Much of the area these new suburbs were developed on (particularly the poorer ones) consisted of wetlands and were prone to flooding. To address this, Governor Oscar Alende initiated the province's most important flood-control project to date, the Roggero Reservoir. Completed a decade later, in 1971, the reservoir and associated electric and water-treatment facilities encouraged still more, and more orderly, development of the Greater Buenos Aires region, which today includes around 10 million people (2⁄3 of the provincial population). It did not address worsening pollution resulting from the area's industrial growth, which had made itself evident since around 1920. This problem has been at its worst along the Reconquista River west and north of the city of Buenos Aires; over 4 million people (one in 10 Argentines) today live on the Reconquista's basin.[4] Of these, about a million still live with seriously compromised water quality, despite the province's (sometimes counterproductive) efforts to remedy the issue.[5]

Contemporary history[]

In April 2013, the northeastern section of Buenos Aires Province, particularly its capital, La Plata, experienced several flash floods that claimed the lives of at least 59 people.

Alejandro Armendáriz, of the Radical Civic Union, was elected governor in 1983, when Raúl Alfonsín became president. Alfonsín lost the 1987 midterm elections, leading to the victory of Antonio Cafiero. From that year to 2015, all governors have been Peronists. The high population of the province makes it highly influential in Argentine politics. With both ruling for two terms, the rivalry of the president Carlos Menem and governor Eduardo Duhalde dominated the Argentine politics during the nineties. A similar case took place with the president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and governor Daniel Scioli. María Eugenia Vidal, from Republican Proposal, won the 2015 elections, and became the first female governor of the province.[6]

Archaeology[]

In February 2021, researchers lead by Dr. Nicolás Chimento from the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales announced the discovery of well-preserved skull find of the ground sloth Megatherium near San Eduardo del Mar in Buenos Aires province. According to paleontologists, the fossil belonged to a juvenile and dating back approximately 3.58 million years ago.[7][8][9]

Government[]

Provincial Government House in La Plata
Provincial Legislature in La Plata
Federal courts in La Plata

The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.

Main articles: Chamber of Deputies of Buenos Aires and Governor of the Buenos Aires Province

The Constitution of Buenos Aires Province forms the formal law of the province.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Buenos Aires Provincial Police.

Geography[]

Buenos Aires Province, at 307,571 square kilometres (118,754 sq mi), is slightly bigger than Italy. The landscape is mainly flat, with two low mountain ranges; Sierra de la Ventana (near Bahía Blanca) and Sierra de Tandil (Tandil). The highest point is Cerro Tres Picos (1,239 m (4,065 ft) amsl;

 WikiMiniAtlas
38°8′S 61°58′W / 38.133°S 61.967°W / -38.133; -61.967) and the longest river is Río Salado (700 km (435 mi) long).

As part of The Pampas, the weather of the province is strongly influenced by the ocean, with hot summers and temperate winters. Humidity is high and precipitation is abundant and distributed over the year. The Western and Southwestern regions are drier.

Sierra de la Ventana Mountain Range
Snow on La Perla beach, Mar del Plata (1991)
Al Este Bodega y Viñedos in Médanos, located on the southern tip of Buenos Aires Province 40 km (25 mi) away from Bahía Blanca.

Climate[]

See also: Climate of Argentina and Climatic regions of Argentina
Köppen climate map of Buenos Aires

The climate of the province of Buenos Aires is extremely benign for human activities: it is temperate, with four marked seasons and reliable rainfall on most regions. The province can be divided into four main climatic regions: the southwestern, drier region; the cool Atlantic region; the northern and eastern humid region, and the Delta region, with the warmest, wettest climate.

The northern region has warm, humid summers, with days between 28 and 32 °C (82 and 90 °F) and nights between 16 and 20 °C (61 and 68 °F), pleasant falls, cool, drier winters with highs between 13 and 18 °C (55 and 64 °F) and nights between 2 and 5 °C (36 and 41 °F), and windy, variable springs. Heat waves may bring days with temperatures over 38 °C (100 °F), but these do not usually last very long, as cold fronts bring thunderstorms and cooler days, with night temperatures often falling down to 12 °C (54 °F). Winter cold waves may bring days with highs about 8 °C (46 °F), and lows below −4 °C (25 °F), with extremes down to −8 °C (18 °F). Snow is uncommon, but there have been accumulations on several occasions in the past. Precipitation ranges from 750 to 1,100 mm (30 to 43 in) per year.

The Delta region is slightly warmer, especially at night, due to the presence of water and the northerly location. Summer nights tend to be stickier, and winters can be damp and foggy, with most nights between 4 and 8 °C (39 and 46 °F). Frost is still to be expected, but temperatures will almost never fall below −4 °C (25 °F), and snow has fallen only twice in the last century. Precipitation ranges from 1,000 to 1,300 mm (39 to 51 in) and falls throughout the year. The city of Buenos Aires is surrounded by a climate similar to the northern part of the province, but the city itself resembles more the Delta climate, with less frost.

The southwestern region is the driest region, and it experiences a more marked differences in temperatures. Summers are often hot, between 30 and 35 °C (86 and 95 °F), but nights are usually comfortable (14 to 18 °C (57 to 64 °F)). Thunderstorms are less frequent but can be very violent in nature. Frost can make an appearance as early as March, but usually first comes in April. Winters are cool and dry, with days between 10 and 16 °C (50 and 61 °F) and nights between −1 and 4 °C (30 and 39 °F). Frost occurs on an almost daily basis, with temperatures below −6 °C (21 °F) not uncommon, and down to −12 °C (10 °F) recorded in some areas. Snowfall may occur every once in a while, but accumulations are usually small. Total precipitation ranges from 500 to 750 mm (20 to 30 in), with slightly rainier springs and falls.

The Atlantic region sees very moderate weather: the ocean is cold (17 to 20 °C (63 to 68 °F) in the summer) and sea breezes often bring chilly weather until midsummer. The hottest months average 25 to 27 °C (77 to 81 °F) with nights between 12 and 16 °C (54 and 61 °F), providing a perfect relief for the inhabitants of the hotter interior. Fall is often rainy, and winters can be windy and chilly: temperatures average from 10 to 15 °C (50 to 59 °F), and nights from 1 to 5 °C (34 to 41 °F). There can be long periods of drizzly weather and constant temperatures of about 7 °C (45 °F). Frost is common but temperatures will rarely fall below −5 °C (23 °F), and snowfalls sometimes, but accumulations are only to be expected every few years. Precipitation ranges from 700 to 950 mm (28 to 37 in). The Sierras de la Ventana (up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)) experience cooler weather, especially at night.

The geography of the province is crossed by occasional west Pampero winds. The southern Sudestada produces storms and temperature drops, most notably the Santa Rosa storm,[10] which takes place every year almost exactly on August 30.

Administrative division[]

Main article: Partidos of Buenos Aires
Boundaries of the 135 partidos of Buenos Aires Province

Unlike the other provinces of the country, in the province of Buenos Aires, the territorial divisions are called partidos instead of departments.

These also constitute the municipal division of the province. The provincial Constitution does not recognize the municipal autonomy that was recognized for the whole country in the reform of the National Constitution of 1994. Each partido corresponds to a municipality and is governed by a mayor (intendente) elected by popular vote. The process of creating a partido is much more dynamic than in the other provinces, with a total of six more partidos in 2000 than in 1990. Most of the newer partidos were created in the Greater Buenos Aires. There are 135 partidos, the last established by law is Lezama (2009).

Demographics[]

Population[]

Buenos Aires Province is the most populated province of the country. The INDEC estimates that the population of Buenos Aires Province was 17,541,141 on July 1, 2020,[11] a 12.26% increase since the 2010 national census. According to that census, there were 15 million inhabitants (38% of the national population), of which 12 million lived in Greater Buenos Aires and 3 million in the rest of the province. Around 33.8% of the inhabitants weren't born in the province, of whom 3,918,552 are migrants from other provinces and 758,640 were born abroad.[12]

Evolution of population
Year Pop.
1778 33 522[13]-43 165[14]
1821 200 000[15]
1847 320 000[16]
1853 500 000[16]
1869 495 107[17]
1895 921 168[18]
1914 2 066 948[19]
1947 4 273 874[19]
1960 6 766 108[19]
1970 8 774 529[19]
1980 9 766 030[19]
1991 12 594 974[19]
2001 13 827 203[19]
2010 15 625 084

Most of its inhabitants are descendants from colonial-era settlers and immigrants from Europe who arrived within the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly Italians, Spaniards and to a lesser extent Germans, French and British. A number of suburbs in the province are also home to a large, predominantly mestizo population that began migrating from the country's northern provinces in the mid-20th century to take advantage of growing employment opportunities. These same communities are also home to considerable numbers of more recent migrants from Paraguay and Bolivia.

Vertical bar chart demographic of Buenos Aires population between 1869 and 2010

Largest metropolitan areas[]

Metropolitan area Population (2010 Census)
Greater Buenos Aires [note 1] 13,588,171 [note 2]
Greater La Plata 787,294
Mar del Plata 618,989
Greater Bahía Blanca 291,327

Largest cities[]

Downtown Mar del Plata
View of Bahía Blanca
Downtown La Plata
City Population (2010 Census)
Mar del Plata 593,337
Bahía Blanca 291,327
Merlo [note 3] 268,961
Quilmes 262,379
Gregorio de Laferrere 248,362
José C. Paz 247,217
Banfield [note 4] 246,467
González Catán 238,067
Lanús 215,956
La Plata 193,144

Tourism[]

Curutchet House, World Heritage Site in La Plata

Tourists, mainly from Buenos Aires, visit the Atlantic coast. There are many cities and towns along the coastline, which starts some 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Buenos Aires after the Samborombón Bay. Among them, the biggest and most important is Mar del Plata, followed by the La Costa Partido, Pinamar, Villa Gesell, Miramar, and Necochea. The most important summer-related event, the National Sea Festival, is held annually in the city of Mar del Plata. The city's Central Casino and Grand Provincial Hotel are among the nation's largest.

Other destinations include the Ventana Sierras, Tandil, Tigre, the Paraná Delta, Isla Martín García, Olavarria, the Chascomús and Gómez lagoons, Campos del Tuyú National Park, and La Plata.

Agritourism in estancias (plantations) has become increasingly popular for foreigners visiting the province in recent years. The province's wine district, centered on Médanos, has also become prominent for visitors touring the Argentina Wine Route.

Sports[]

Libertadores de América and Presidente Perón stadiums in Avellaneda.

In Buenos Aires Province, as throughout Argentina, football is the predominant sport. The province has numerous professional football teams, with most of them concentrated in the Greater Buenos Aires area. Club Atlético Independiente and Racing Club de Avellaneda are the most successful, famous and followed beyond the province borders. Other notable teams in Greater Buenos Aires include Arsenal, Quilmes, Banfield, Lanús, Chacarita Juniors, Tigre and Defensa y Justicia. In the capital of the province, Estudiantes and Gimnasia y Esgrima stand out.

Other clubs in the rest of the province include Olimpo and Villa Mitre (Bahía Blanca), Huracán de Tres Arroyos (Tres Arroyos), Aldosivi and Alvarado (Mar del Plata), Sarmiento (Junín), Douglas Haig (Pergamino), Agropecuario (Carlos Casares), Santamarina (Tandil), Racing de Olavarría (Olavarría), Flandria, Club Luján and Villa Dálmine (Campana).

The city of Mar del Plata hosted six matches of the 1978 FIFA World Cup and the 1995 Pan American Games, and annually holds the National Evita Games and the final stage of the Bonaerense Games, the last being the most important provincial sports event for young, the elderly and people with disabilities.[20]

The province is represented in the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) by four unions: the Rugby Union of Buenos Aires (URBA), includes teams of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), the Rugby Union of Mar del Plata, the Western Rugby Union of the Province of Buenos Aires (UROBA) and the Southern Rugby Union. Some of the most prominent clubs are CASI and SIC of San Isidro.

Among others, some of the most important basketball teams in the province are: Peñarol de Mar del Plata, Quilmes de Mar del Plata, Bahía Basket, Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca, Olimpo de Bahía Blanca, Argentino de Junín, Club Ciclista Juninense, and Estudiantes de Olavarría, Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata, Club Atlético Platense and Lanús.

There are numerous racetracks, including La Plata, Nueve de Julio, Olavarría, Mar de Ajó, Junín, Balcarce, San Nicolás de los Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. The San Isidro Racecourse was inaugurated in 1935 and hosts the Carlos Pellegrini Grand Prix. The Hipodromo de La Plata is the third-largest in Argentina.

Economy[]

Port of Bahía Blanca

The province's economy has long been the largest in Argentina, estimated in 2014 to have been US$407.6 billion (more than a third of the national total, which was around US$680.8 billion in 2016 according to Argentina's economical growing.[clarification needed] It has a per capita income of $24,780 (around $27,300 in 2016). The province is the nation's chief exporter, generating nearly $107 billion in exports in 2016 (37% of the nation's total).[21]

Soybean fields near Junín

Agriculture in the province is renowned around the world for its productivity. The province is Argentina's chief agricultural producer, and accounted for at least $8 billion in export earnings in 2014.[22] This sector adds about 5% to the province's highly diversified economy, however.[23] The province's ranching sector is diversified, and though cattle historically provided the main animal husbandry activity, Buenos Aires is also the top producer of sheep, pork, and chicken meat of the country. Equally important is the dairy industry. Crop harvests are the most diverse in the nation, and have grown to record levels in recent decades. The most important crops include soybean, maize, wheat, sunflower and other oilseeds, like flax. More recently, premium wines have been produced in the Buenos Aires wine region in the south of the province.

Manufacturing accounts for a fourth of the province's output and is about 40% of the entire nation's.[23] The industry of the province is diverse: chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgic, motor vehicles, machinery, textiles and the food industry are the most notable. Excluding processed agricultural items, the province was responsible for over US$70 billion of industrial exports in 2016 and accounted for a third of all Argentine exports.[22][24]

The province's services sector is well-diversified and differs little from national trends. The largest local bank is the public Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires. The institution, the second-largest in Argentina, holds nearly a tenth of the nation's bank deposits.[25]

Transport[]

Airports[]

Ministro Pistarini International Airport
Name City OACI IATA FAA
Ministro Pistarini Ezeiza SAEZ EZE EZE
San Fernando San Fernando SADF FDO FDO
Astor Piazolla Mar del Plata SAZM MDQ MDP
Comandante Espora Bahía Blanca SAZB BHI EPO
Edgardo Hugo Yelpo Necochea SAZO NEC NEC
Junín Junín SAAJ JNI NIN
La Plata La Plata SADL LPG PTA
Santa Teresita Santa Teresita SAZL SST SST
Tandil Tandil SAZT TDL DIL
Villa Gesell Villa Gesell SAZV VLG GES

Ports[]

Name City Location
Puerto Ingeniero White Bahía Blanca Mar Argentino
Puerto Galván Bahía Blanca Mar Argentino
Puerto Rosales Punta Alta Mar Argentino
Puerto de San Nicolás de los Arroyos San Nicolás Río Paraná
Puerto de Campana Río Paraná
Puerto de La Plata Río de la Plata
Puerto de Mar del Plata Mar del Plata Mar Argentino
Puerto de Quequén Necochea Mar Argentino

Railways[]

CNR CKD8 locomotive at Bahía Blanca Sud railway station
Railway City Station
General San Martín Buenos Aires Retiro San Martín
Chacabuco
Junín
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Buenos Aires Once
Luján
Mercedes
Chivilcoy
General Roca Buenos Aires Constitución
San Miguel del Monte
Las Flores
Olavarría
Azul
Pigüé
Bahía Blanca Bahía Blanca Sud
Mar del Plata Mar del Plata

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Shared with the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.
  2. ^ Some 11 million of its population belongs to Buenos Aires Province and almost 3 million to the City of Buenos Aires.
  3. ^ The number provided by INDEC includes the combined population of the cities of Merlo and Parque San Martín. The population of each one of that cities is unknown.
  4. ^ The number provided by INDEC seems to include the combined population of the cities of Banfield and , and perhaps some other locality in the Lomas de Zamora Partido (most notably San José) that does not appear differentiated in the census. The population of each one of that cities is unknown.

References[]

  1. ^ "República Argentina por provincia o jurisdicción. Densidad de población. Año 2010". Censo 2010 (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Archived from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Población según los censos nacionales de 1895 a 2001 por provincia ordenadas por la cantidad de población en 2001" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Archived from the original (ms xls) on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
  4. ^ "Title unknown" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (pdf) on September 12, 2008.
  5. ^ "Río Reconquista, un basural acuático" (in Spanish). Argentina Centro de Medios Independientes. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
  6. ^ Ramiro Sagasti (October 26, 2015). "Vidal dio la gran sorpresa y le ganó a Aníbal Fernández en la provincia" [Vidal gave a great surprise and defeated Aníbal Fernández in the province] (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  7. ^ "Paleontologists Find 3.58-Million-Year-Old Ground Sloth Fossil | Paleontology | Sci-News.com". Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  8. ^ Spry, Jeff (2021-02-09). "South American scientists unearth skull of ancient 12-foot-tall ground sloth". SYFY WIRE. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  9. ^ "A new record of Megatherium (Folivora, Megatheriidae) in the late Pliocene of the Pampean region (Argentina)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 107: 102950. 2021-04-01. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102950. ISSN 0895-9811.
  10. ^ "Title unknown". monte.gov.ar. Archived from the original on December 26, 2005.
  11. ^ "Proyecciones y estimaciones / Proyecciones por provincia" (in Spanish). INDEC. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  12. ^ "Title unknown" (ms xls).[dead link]
  13. ^ Fernando Leónidas Sabsay & Julio Raúl Lascano (1973). La sociedad argentina: España y el Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires: La Ley.
  14. ^ Sonia Tell (2008). Córdoba rural, una sociedad campesina (1750-1850). Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros Editorial, pp. 55 (nota n°32). ISBN 978-987-574-267-3.
  15. ^ Juan Bautista Alberdi (1856). Organización política y económica de la Confederación Argentina. Besazon: Impr. de J. Jacquin, pp. 576.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Sir Woodbine Parish (1853). Buenos Aires y las provincias del Rio de la Plata: desde su descubrimiento y conquista por los españoles. Tomo II. Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Mayo, pp. 450
  17. ^ Laura Marcela Méndez (2007). Las Efemérides En El Aula. Buenos Aires: Noveduc Libros, pp. 204. ISBN 987-538-125-X.
  18. ^ Mariela Ceva, Alejandro Fernández, Aníbal Jáuregui & Julio Stortini (2000). Historia Social Argentina En Documentos. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos, pp. 108. ISBN 950-786-245-5.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Argentina: población total por regiones y provincias. Censos Nacionales de 1914, 1947, 1960, 1970, 1980,1991 y 2001" (PDF). Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  20. ^ "Juegos Bonaerenses | Provincia de Buenos Aires" (in Spanish). Government of the Province of Buenos Aires. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  21. ^ "INDEC" (in Spanish). Archived from the original (ms xls) on July 6, 2011.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b "Exportaciones De La Provincia De Buenos Aires" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (pdf) on September 12, 2008.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b "Dirección Provincial De Estadistica". Archived from the original on September 15, 2008.
  24. ^ "INDEC: Foreign trade data" (ms xls) (in Spanish).[dead link]
  25. ^ "Argentine Banking Association: August 2008" (in Spanish). Archived from the original (ms xls) on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-08-14.

External links[]

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