Bump function

In mathematics, a bump function (also called a test function) is a function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ on a Euclidean space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ which is both smooth (in the sense of having continuous derivatives of all orders) and compactly supported. The set of all bump functions with domain ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ forms a vector space, denoted ${\displaystyle C_{0}^{\infty }(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$ or ${\displaystyle C_{c}^{\infty }(\mathbb {R} ^{n}).}$ The dual space of this space endowed with a suitable topology is the space of distributions.

Examples[]

The function ${\displaystyle \Psi :\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }$ given by

is an example of a bump function in one dimension. It is clear from the construction that this function has compact support, since a function of the real line has compact support if and only if it has bounded closed support. The proof of smoothness follows along the same lines as for the related function discussed in the Non-analytic smooth function article. This function can be interpreted as the Gaussian function ${\displaystyle \exp \left(-y^{2}\right)}$ scaled to fit into the unit disc: the substitution ${\displaystyle y^{2}={1}/{\left(1-x^{2}\right)}}$ corresponds to sending ${\displaystyle x=\pm 1}$ to ${\displaystyle y=\infty .}$

A simple example of a bump function in ${\displaystyle n}$ variables is obtained by taking the product of ${\displaystyle n}$ copies of the above bump function in one variable, so

Existence of bump functions[]

It is possible to construct bump functions "to specifications". Stated formally, if ${\displaystyle K}$ is an arbitrary compact set in ${\displaystyle n}$ dimensions and ${\displaystyle U}$ is an open set containing ${\displaystyle K,}$ there exists a bump function ${\displaystyle \phi }$ which is ${\displaystyle 1}$ on ${\displaystyle K}$ and ${\displaystyle 0}$ outside of ${\displaystyle U.}$ Since ${\displaystyle U}$ can be taken to be a very small neighborhood of ${\displaystyle K,}$ this amounts to being able to construct a function that is ${\displaystyle 1}$ on ${\displaystyle K}$ and falls off rapidly to ${\displaystyle 0}$ outside of ${\displaystyle K,}$ while still being smooth.

The construction proceeds as follows. One considers a compact neighborhood ${\displaystyle V}$ of ${\displaystyle K}$ contained in ${\displaystyle U,}$ so ${\displaystyle K\subseteq V^{\circ }\subseteq V\subseteq U.}$ The characteristic function ${\displaystyle \chi _{V}}$ of ${\displaystyle V}$ will be equal to ${\displaystyle 1}$ on ${\displaystyle V}$ and ${\displaystyle 0}$ outside of ${\displaystyle V,}$ so in particular, it will be ${\displaystyle 1}$ on ${\displaystyle K}$ and ${\displaystyle 0}$ outside of ${\displaystyle U.}$ This function is not smooth however. The key idea is to smooth ${\displaystyle \chi _{V}}$ a bit, by taking the convolution of ${\displaystyle \chi _{V}}$ with a mollifier. The latter is just a bump function with a very small support and whose integral is ${\displaystyle 1.}$ Such a mollifier can be obtained, for example, by taking the bump function ${\displaystyle \Phi }$ from the previous section and performing appropriate scalings.

An alternative construction that does not involve convolution is now detailed. Start with any smooth function ${\displaystyle c:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }$ that vanishes on the negative reals and is positive on the positive reals (that is, ${\displaystyle c=0}$ on ${\displaystyle (-\infty ,0)}$ and ${\displaystyle c>0}$ on ${\displaystyle (0,\infty ),}$ where continuity from the left necessitates ${\displaystyle c(0)=0}$); an example of such a function is ${\displaystyle c(x):=e^{-1/x}}$ for ${\displaystyle x>0}$ and ${\displaystyle c(x):=0}$ otherwise.^[1] Fix an open subset ${\displaystyle U}$ of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ and denote the usual Euclidean norm by ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}$ (so ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ is endowed with the usual Euclidean metric). The following construction defines a smooth function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ that is positive on ${\displaystyle U}$ and vanishes outside of ${\displaystyle U.}$^[1] So in particular, if ${\displaystyle U}$ is relatively compact then this function ${\displaystyle f}$ will be a bump function.

If ${\displaystyle U=\mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ then let ${\displaystyle f:=1}$ while if ${\displaystyle U=\varnothing }$ then let ${\displaystyle f:=0}$; so assume ${\displaystyle U}$ is neither of these. Let ${\displaystyle \left(U_{k}\right)_{k=1}^{\infty }}$ be an open cover of ${\displaystyle U}$ by open balls where the open ball ${\displaystyle U_{k}}$ has radius ${\displaystyle r_{k}>0}$ and center ${\displaystyle a_{k}\in U.}$ Then the map ${\displaystyle f_{k}:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ defined by ${\displaystyle f_{k}(x):=c\left(r_{k}^{2}-\left\|x-a_{k}\right\|^{2}\right)}$ is a smooth function that is positive on ${\displaystyle U_{k}}$ and vanishes off of ${\displaystyle U_{k}.}$^[1] For every ${\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} ,}$ let

which is a real number because the supremum vanishes at any ${\displaystyle x}$ outside of ${\displaystyle U_{k}}$ while on the compact set ${\displaystyle {\overline {U_{k}}},}$ the values of the partial derivatives are bounded.^{[note 1]} The series converges uniformly on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ to a smooth function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ that is positive on ${\displaystyle U}$ and vanishes off of ${\displaystyle U.}$^[1] Moreover, for any non-negative integers ${\displaystyle p_{1},\ldots ,p_{n}\in \mathbb {Z} ,}$^[1] where this series also converges uniformly on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ (because whenever ${\displaystyle k\geq p_{1}+\cdots +p_{n}}$ then the ${\displaystyle k}$^th term's absolute value is ${\displaystyle \leq {\frac {M_{k}}{2^{k}M_{k}}}={\frac {1}{2^{k}}}}$).

As a corollary, given two disjoint closed subsets ${\displaystyle A,B}$ of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ and smooth non-negative functions ${\displaystyle f_{A},f_{B}:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to [0,\infty )}$ such that for any ${\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n},}$ ${\displaystyle f_{A}(x)=0}$ if and only if ${\displaystyle x\in A,}$ and similarly, ${\displaystyle f_{B}(x)=0}$ if and only if ${\displaystyle x\in B,}$ then the function ${\displaystyle f:={\frac {f_{A}}{f_{A}+f_{B}}}:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to [0,1]}$ is smooth and for any ${\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n},}$ ${\displaystyle f(x)=0}$ if and only if ${\displaystyle x\in A,}$ ${\displaystyle f(x)=1}$ if and only if ${\displaystyle x\in B,}$ and ${\displaystyle 0<f(x)<1}$ if and only if ${\displaystyle x\not \in A\cup B.}$^[1] In particular, ${\displaystyle f(x)\neq 0}$ if and only if ${\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\setminus A,}$ so if in addition ${\displaystyle U:=\mathbb {R} ^{n}\setminus A}$ is relatively compact in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ (where ${\displaystyle A\cap B=\varnothing }$ implies ${\displaystyle B\subseteq U}$) then ${\displaystyle f}$ will be a smooth bump function with support in ${\displaystyle {\overline {U}}.}$

Properties and uses[]

While bump functions are smooth, they cannot be analytic unless they vanish identically [^[2]]. This is a simple consequence of the identity theorem. Bump functions are often used as mollifiers, as smooth cutoff functions, and to form smooth partitions of unity. They are the most common class of test functions used in analysis. The space of bump functions is closed under many operations. For instance, the sum, product, or convolution of two bump functions is again a bump function, and any differential operator with smooth coefficients, when applied to a bump function, will produce another bump function.

The Fourier transform of a bump function is a (real) analytic function, and it can be extended to the whole complex plane: hence it cannot be compactly supported unless it is zero, since the only entire analytic bump function is the zero function (see Paley–Wiener theorem and Liouville's theorem). Because the bump function is infinitely differentiable, its Fourier transform must decay faster than any finite power of ${\displaystyle 1/k}$ for a large angular frequency ${\displaystyle |k|}$.^[3] The Fourier transform of the particular bump function

from above can be analyzed by a saddle-point method, and decays asymptotically as for large ${\displaystyle |k|}$.^[4]

See also[]

• Cutoff function
• Laplacian of the indicator
• Non-analytic smooth function – Mathematical functions which are smooth but not analytic
• Schwartz space – The function space of all functions whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing

Citations[]

References[]

• (10 September 2020). Smooth Manifolds and Observables. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. 220. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-45649-8. OCLC 1195920718.CS1 maint: date and year (link)