Burn! (1969 film)
Burn! | |
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![]() English language theatrical poster | |
Directed by | Gillo Pontecorvo |
Written by | Franco Solinas Giorgio Arlorio |
Produced by | Alberto Grimaldi |
Starring | Marlon Brando Evaristo Márquez Renato Salvatori |
Cinematography | Giuseppe Ruzzolini Marcello Gatti |
Edited by | Mario Morra |
Music by | Ennio Morricone |
Production companies | |
Distributed by | United Artists |
Release date |
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Running time | 112 minutes (United States) 132 minutes (Restored) |
Country | Italy |
Languages | Italian Spanish Portuguese |
Burn! (Italian: Queimada) is a 1969 Italian war drama film directed by Gillo Pontecorvo and starring Marlon Brando, Evaristo Márquez and Renato Salvatori. The music was composed by Ennio Morricone. The fictional story focuses on the creation of a tropical republic in the Caribbean, and the events that follow it. Brando plays an agent of the British government, named after the American filibuster William Walker, who manipulates a slave revolt to serve the interests of the sugar trade. The screenwriters also drew on the experiences of intelligence agent Edward Lansdale, who served the United States government in the Philippines and Indochina in the 1950s through 60s.
Plot[]
In 1844, the British Admiralty sends Sir William Walker (Marlon Brando), an agent provocateur, to the fictional island of Queimada, a Portuguese colony[1] in the Lesser Antilles. The British government seeks to open the island to economic exploitation by the fictional Antilles Royal Sugar Company. Walker's task is to organize an uprising of enslaved Africans against the Portuguese regime, which the British government intend to replace with a government dominated by pliable white planters.
When he arrives in Queimada, Walker befriends José Dolores (Evaristo Márquez), whom he entices to lead the slave rebellion, and induces leading landowners to reject Portuguese rule. Dolores's rebellion is successful, and Walker arranges the assassination of the Portuguese governor in a nighttime coup. Walker establishes a puppet regime beholden to the Antilles Royal Sugar Company, headed by the idealistic but weak revolutionary Teddy Sanchez (Renato Salvatori). Walker convinces Dolores to recognize the new regime and to surrender his arms, in exchange for the abolition of slavery. Having succeeded in his mission, he moves on to his next assignment in Indochina.
In 1848, Dolores–disgusted by the new regime's collaboration with the Antilles Royal Sugar Company–leads a second uprising, aiming to expel the Company from Quiemada. After six years of the uprising, in 1854, the Company returns Walker (after finding him in Plymouth, England) to Queimada with the consent of the Admiralty, tasking him with suppressing the revolt and pacifying the island. Resentful of the Company's exploitation of Queimada, President Sanchez is uncooperative. Sanchez is ousted and executed in a coup engineered by Walker, who establishes a regime wholly beholden to the company. British forces are invited to the island; guided by Walker, they rapidly quell the rebellion and capture Dolores. Walker attempts to save Dolores's life but the rebel leader rejects his assistance, asserting that freedom is earned, not received.
The government executes Dolores by hanging. Soon after, Walker, guilt stricken, is accosted as he prepares to depart Queimada. A man greets him just as Dolores did when Walker first arrived on the island, and then stabs him to death. Before dying, Walker looks around and sees himself surrounded by accusatory or passive looks of the poor people in the port.
Cast[]
- Marlon Brando as Sir William Walker, named after American filibuster William Walker
- Evaristo Márquez as José Dolores, named after José Dolores Estrada, the Nicaraguan general who defeated the historical Walker
- Renato Salvatori as Teddy Sanchez
- Dana Ghia as Francesca
- Valeria Ferran Wanani as Guarina
- Giampiero Albertini as Henry Thompson
- Carlo Palmucci as Jack
- Norman Hill as Shelton
- Thomas Lyons
- Joseph P. Persaud as Juanito
- Álvaro Medrano as Soldier
- Alejandro Obregón as English Major
- Enrico Cesaretti
Production[]
Brando had the opportunity to have a role on Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and The Arrangement once again with Elia Kazan, but chose instead to work on this film. He also had to turn down a major role in Ryan's Daughter because of this film's production problems.
In his autobiography Brando: Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando claims: "I did some of my best acting in Burn!".[2]
Reception[]
The film received critical acclaim in the U.S. and abroad. Based on 11 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 82%.[3] By comparison, its 2004 re-release was given an average score of 72 out of 100, based on 4 reviews, by Metacritic, which assigns a rating based on top reviews from mainstream critics.[4]
Natalie Zemon Davis reviewed the film from a historian's perspective and gave it high marks, arguing that it merges historical events that took place in Brazil, Cuba, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, and elsewhere.[5]
The Palestinian-American academic Edward Said (famous for his work Orientalism) praised Burn! (along with Pontecorvo's other film, The Battle of Algiers) as the two films "...stand unmatched and unexcelled since they were made in the 60s. Both films together constitute a political and aesthetic standard never again equaled."[6]
The character José Dolores inspired the logo of the socialist magazine Jacobin.[7]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ The film was originally set on a Spanish colony called Quemada, meaning "burnt", but it was changed to a Portuguese one after the Spanish government found it insulting; however, the language spoken on the island in the film remained Spanish. Queimada (1969) at IMDb
- ^ Brando, Marlon (1994). Brando: Songs My Mother Taught Me. New York: Random House. p. 364. ISBN 0-679-41013-9.
- ^ Queimada / Burn! / The Mercenary (1969) at Rotten Tomatoes
- ^ Burn! (re-release) Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Natalie Zemon Davis, Slaves on Screen: Film and Historical Vision (2002) ch 3
- ^ "Edward Said Documentary on 'The Battle of Algiers'". Vimeo. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ^ Forbes, Remeike (Spring 2012). "The Black Jacobin. Our visual identity". Jacobin.
Further reading[]
- Davis, Natalie Zemon. Slaves on Screen: Film and Historical Vision (2002) ch 3
- Martin, Michael T., and David C. Wall, "The Politics of Cine-Memory: Signifying Slavery in the History Film," in Robert A. Rosenstone and Constantin Parvulesu, eds. A Companion to the Historical Film (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), pp. 445–467.
External links[]
- 1969 films
- English-language films
- English-language Italian films
- Italian-language films
- 1960s war drama films
- Italian films
- British Empire war films
- Films about revolutions
- Films about slavery
- Films directed by Gillo Pontecorvo
- United Artists films
- Films scored by Ennio Morricone
- Films set in the Caribbean
- Films set in London
- Films set in 1844
- Films set in 1854
- Films set on fictional islands
- Films produced by Alberto Grimaldi
- Italian war drama films
- Italian multilingual films
- 1960s multilingual films
- 1969 drama films
- Films about coups d'état