Callicarpa
Callicarpa | |
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Callicarpa dichotoma 'Early Amethyst' (Purple beautyberry) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Lamiaceae |
Genus: | Callicarpa L. |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Callicarpa (beautyberry) is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Lamiaceae.[2][3][4] They are native to east and southeast Asia (where the majority of the species occur), Australia, Madagascar, southeast North America and South America.[1][5][6][7][8]
Growth[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Callicarpa_dichotoma_autumn_leaves.jpg/220px-Callicarpa_dichotoma_autumn_leaves.jpg)
The temperate species are deciduous, the tropical species evergreen. The leaves are simple, opposite, and 5–25 cm long. The flowers are in clusters, white to pinkish. The fruit is a berry, 2–5 mm diameter and pink to red-purple with a highly distinctive metallic lustre, are very conspicuous in clusters on the bare branches after the leaves fall. The berries last well into the winter or dry season and are an important survival food for birds and other animals, though they will not eat them until other sources are depleted. The berries are highly astringent but are made into wine and jelly. Callicarpa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Endoclita malabaricus and Endoclita undulifer.
Familiar species[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Callicarpa-bodinieri-flowers.jpg/250px-Callicarpa-bodinieri-flowers.jpg)
American beautyberry Callicarpa americana is native to the southeastern United States.[9] It can typically reach 1 to 2 meters in height. A jelly can be made from its ripe berries.
Ornamental varieties of Callicarpa americana have been bred to have pink or white berries.
- Bodinier's beautyberry Callicarpa bodinieri, native to west-central China (Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi), is more cold-tolerant than C. americana, and is the species most widely cultivated in northwestern Europe. It can reach 3 meters tall.
- Japanese beautyberry Callicarpa japonica, native to Japan, is also cultivated in gardens. It is called Murasakishikibu in Japanese, in honor of Murasaki Shikibu.
- Purple beautyberry Callicarpa dichotoma, native to Japan, China, and Korea.
Uses[]
Insect repellent[]
American beautyberry has been used as a folk remedy to prevent mosquito bites.[10][11] Four chemicals isolated from Callicarpa have been shown to act as insect repellents: borneol,[12] callicarpenal, , and spathulenol.[13] The use of callicarpenal has been patented by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agriculture Research Service as a mosquito repellent.[10]
Anticancer activity[]
The beautyberry leaves have been shown to possess anticancer activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549 via alteration of the redox homeostasis.[14]
Species[]
Accepted species[1]
- Schauer - Dominican Republic
- Callicarpa acuminata Kunth - Latin America from Mexico to Bolivia
- Schauer - Vietnam
- C.H.Chang - Guangxi, Guangdong
- Merr. - Luzon
- Dop - Vietnam
- Callicarpa americana L. - southeastern United States from Texas to Maryland; Cuba, Bermuda, Bahamas
- Callicarpa ampla Schauer - Puerto Rico
- Schauer - Philippines
- King & Gamble - Indochina, southern China
- Bramley - Sulawesi
- C.Y.Wu ex W.Z.Fang - Guangxi, Guangdong
- (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt - Sarawak
- Elmer - Mindanao
- Roxb. - southern China, Tibet, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Andaman Islands, New Guinea
- Urb. - Cuba
- Bramley - Kalimantan
- S.Atkins - Brunei
- Ridl. - Borneo
- Merr. - Basilan, Mindanao
- Merr. ex Moldenke - Hainan
- Moldenke - Vietnam
- Juss - Philippines, Sulawesi, Bismarck Archipelago, Palau
- Callicarpa bodinieri H.Lév - Indochina, southern China
- R.H.Miao - Guizhou
- Moldenke - Borneo
- Dop - Vietnam
- (Benth.) Hance - Vietnam, Cambodia, southern China
- Merr. - Sumatra
- Munir - Northern Territory of Australia
- Moldenke - Cuba
- Callicarpa candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr. - China, Bangladesh, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, northern Australia, Micronesia
- Callicarpa cathayana C.H.Chang - southern China
- Maxim. - Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Queensland
- (Hallier f.) Govaerts - Sulawesi
- Diels - Guangdong, Jiangxi
- Bramley - Sabah
- Urb. - Cuba
- Urb. - Cuba
- Britton & P.Wilson - Cuba
- Merr. - Batan in Phlippines
- (H.T.Chang) W.Z.Fang - Guangdong
- Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K.Koch - China, Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Vietnam
- Merr. - southern China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Luzon
- (Moldenke) Bramley - Kalimantan
- Callicarpa erioclona Schauer - Vietnam, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Philippines, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
- Merr. & Chun - Hainan
- Merr. - Bucas Grande in Philippines
- Sw. - Cuba, Jamaica
- Elmer - Mindanao, Dinagat
- Urb. - Cuba
- A.Rich. - Cuba
- Merr. - Sabah
- Ridl. - Thailand, Malaysia
- Baro & P.Herrera - Cuba
- Hesse ex Rehder - China
- Koidz. - Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands)
- S.Atkins - Borneo
- Rehder - Sichuan, Hubei
- (Hallier f.) Govaerts - Sumatra, Sulawesi
- Urb. - Cuba
- (King & Gamble) H.J.Lam - Borneo
- Merr. - Vietnam
- (Moldenke) Bramley - Sabah
- Millsp. - Bahamas, Cuba
- (Hallier f.) Govaerts - Borneo, Sulawesi
- C.Pei & S.L.Chen - Guangdong
- T.P.Lin & J.L.Wang - Taiwan
- Teijsm. & Binn. ex Bakh. - Java
- Champ. ex Benth. - southern China
- Merr. - Borneo
- Callicarpa japonica Thunb. - China, Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan
- Leerat. & A.J.Paton - Thailand
- Bakh. & Heine - Sabah
- Makino - China, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan
- Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun - southern China
- H.J.Lam - Timor
- Hosok - Mariana Islands
- Millsp. - Cuba
- Moldenke - Cuba
- Merr. - Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
- Metcalf - Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan.
- C.H.Chang - Hong Kong
- Callicarpa longifolia Lam. - China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Christmas Island, Queensland
- Dunn - Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi
- Merr. - Luzon
- C.H.Chang - Sichuan, Yunnan
- Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. - China, Himalayas, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Queensland
- Moldenke - Madagascar
- Merr. - Luzon
- Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble - Thailand to Malaya
- C.H.Chang - China
- Bramley - Sulawesi
- S.Vidal - Philippines, Micronesia
- Borhidi & O.Muñiz - Cuba
- A.Rajendran & P.Daniel - Meghalaya
- Callicarpa mollis Siebold & Zucc. - Japan, Korea
- Britton & P.Wilson - Cuba
- Koidz. - Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands)
- Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. & Arn. - China, Himalayas, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina
- Urb. - Cuba
- Merr. - Guangdong
- Hayata - Ryukyu Islands
- Quisumb. & Merr. - Luzon, Samar
- Elmer - Luzon, Leyte
- Hook. & Arn. - Nayarit
- Chun ex H.T.Chang - Guangdong, Jiangxi
- Callicarpa pedunculata R.Br. - China, Himalayas, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Australia
- H.Ma & W.B.Yu - Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan
- Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands
- Dop - Vietnam
- Leerat. & A.J.Paton - Thailand
- Maxim. - Taiwan
- C.Y.Wu ex W.Z.Fang - Sichuan
- Merr. - Luzon, Polillo
- Quisumb. & Merr. - Luzon
- C.Y.Wu - Yunnan, Guangxi
- C.H.Chang - Guangdong
- Bramley - Sulawesi
- C.B.Clarke - Meghalaya, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia
- (H.J.Lam) Govaerts - New Guinea
- (Hallier f.) Govaerts - Borneo, Sulawesi
- Merr. - Philippines
- Hayata - Taiwan
- T.P.Lin & J.L.Wang - Hengchun Peninsula in Taiwan
- Hayata - Hengchun Peninsula in Taiwan
- C.Wright & Moldenke - Cuba
- Sw. - Jamaica
- Moldenke - Cuba
- S.Moore - Java
- Britton - Cuba
- Callicarpa rubella Lindl. - China, Himalayas, Southeast Asia
- S.Moore - Sumatra
- R.H.Miao - Guangdong
- Steenis - Borneo
- C.Pei & W.Z.Fang - southern China
- (Moldenke) Govaerts - Sabah
- Urb. & Ekman - Massif de la Selle in Haiti
- Britton & P.Wilson - Cuba
- Callicarpa shikokiana Makino - Japan
- Makino - Japan (C. japonica × C. mollis)
- Dop - Vietnam
- Metcalf - Fujian
- Urb. - Dominican Republic
- Moldenke - Sabah
- Bramley - Kalimantan
- Elmer - Luzon, Mindoro
- Elmer - Luzon, Negros
- Merr. - Luzon
- Hook. & Arn. - Bonin Islands, Volcano Islands
- Merr. - Borneo
- Merr. - Samar, Mindanao
- Hatus - Mt. Takakuma in Japan
- Bramley - Kalimantan
- Munir - Queensland
- Masam. - Taiwan
- C.H.Chang - Guangdong
- Borhidi & O.Muñiz - Cuba
- Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya
- Makino - Japan (C. japonica × C. kochiana)
- Moldenke - Sumatra
- Wall. ex C.B.Clarke - eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Assam
- Merr. - Borneo
- Britton & P.Wilson - Cuba
- W.Z.Fang - Yunnan, Vietnam
References[]
- ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Lamiales". Missouri Botanical Garden.
- ^ "GRIN Taxonomy for Plants - Callicarpa". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
- ^ Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Leeratiwong, C., Chantaranothai, P. & Paton, A.J. (2009). A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 37: 36-58.
- ^ Bramley, G.L. (2009). The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) on Borneo. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 416-455.
- ^ Bramley, G.L.C. (2013). The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) in the Philippines. Kew Bulletin 68: 369-418.
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 4, 紫珠属 zi zhu shu, Callicarpa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 111. 1753.
- ^ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
- ^ a b "Learning from our elders: Folk Remedy Yields Mosquito-Thwarting Compound". Agricultural Research. Agricultural Research Service. February 6, 2006.
- ^ Scientists Confirm Folk Remedy Repels Mosquitoes University Of Mississippi (ScienceDaily) July 3, 2006
- ^ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 2004-11-10. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
- ^ Cantrell, C. L.; Klun, J. A.; Bryson, C. T.; Kobaisy, M.; Duke, S. O. (2005). "Isolation and Identification of Mosquito Bite Deterrent Terpenoids from Leaves of American (Callicarpa americana) and Japanese (Callicarpa japonica) Beautyberry". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (15): 5948–53. doi:10.1021/jf0509308. PMID 16028979.
- ^ Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796 004, India; Nghakliana, F.; Fanai, J.L.; Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796 004, India; Tochhawng, L.; Mizoram Science, Technology and Innovation Council, Government of Mizoram, Aizawl-796 001, India; Balachandar, V.; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India; Zothansiama; Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796 004, India (2020-07-25). "Anticancer activity of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. extracts against Type-II human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Biology. 41 (4(SI)): 901–907. doi:10.22438/jeb/4(SI)/MS_1916.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Callicarpa. |
- Callicarpa
- Lamiaceae genera
- Medicinal plants
- Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus