Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)

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For the 1551 military operation, see Campaign of Tlemcen (1551).
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)
Part of Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco
Date1557
Location
Tlemcen, Algeria
Coordinates: 34°52′58″N 01°19′00″W / 34.88278°N 1.31667°W / 34.88278; -1.31667
Result Algerian victory[3]
Belligerents
Flag of Morocco (1258-1659).svg Saadi Sultanate Flag of Ottoman Algiers.svg Ottoman Algeria
Flag of Kingdom of ait abbas Kingdom of Beni Abbas[1][2]
Commanders and leaders
Mohammed ash-Sheikh Hasan Pasha
Strength
30,000 horsemen
10,000 infantrymen
4000 musketeers

6000 musketeers

16,000 infantrymen
Casualties and losses
Heavy Heavy
Battle of Tlemcen (1557) is located in Algeria
Battle of Tlemcen (1557)
Battle of Tlemcen (1557)
Location of the battle of Tlemcen (1557) in Algeria.

The Campaign of Tlemcen or Tlemcen campaign was a military operation led by the Saadians of Mohammed ash-Sheikh against Tlemcen in 1557, then under the domination of the Regency of Algiers, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. The Saadians captured part of the city, but failed to seize the Mechouar Palace, into which a Turkish garrison from Algiers had withdrawn. Mohammed ash-Sheikh puts an end to his campaign when he learns of a revolt by the Berbers of the Moroccan Atlas against his authority.

Background[]

In 1550, Mohammed ash-Sheikh launched a great offensive against the Algerian presence in north-west Algeria.[4][5] The Moroccans seized Tlemcen on June 9, 1550,[6] but failed before Mostaganem and were then defeated by the Banu Amir tribe, allies of the Spaniards in Oran. The Ottomans retaliated in 1551, and launched a counter-attack with their Berber allies from the Kingdom of Ait Abbas and the pro-ottoman Zayyanids. Defeated by Hassan Pasha's Turkish contingents, the Moroccan army abandons Tlemcen.[7]

Salah Raïs gathers in Tlemcen an army of Turkish harquebusiers and Berber soldiers from the kingdom of Kuku. They launch a campaign against Fez with the aim of enthroning Ali Abu Hassun, a Watassid suitor in exile.[8] After heavy fighting near Fez, Mohammed ash-Sheikh is defeated and forced to abandon the city. Troops of the regency of Algiers entered the city on January 9, 1554. Ali Abu Hassun hastened to remove some of the Turks who were guilty of several acts of violence against the population, in exchange for a large sum of money that he had promised them, as well as the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera base.[9][10]

Mohammed ash-Sheikh reorganized his troops in the south and defeated Ali Abu Hassun in the battle of Tadla. This victory allowed Mohammed ash-Sheikh to re-seize the city of Fez on September 13, 1554, and to ascend the throne and establish definitively the Saadian dynasty in Morocco.

Battle[]

The Saadian sultan wants to take advantage of the disorder that reigns in the government of Algiers since the return of Hassan Corso. Moulay Mohammed El Mehdi, son of the Saadian sultan, marched on Tlemcen at the head of a garrison of 400 men. The town was defended by a small garrison of the Algerian army commanded by the caïd Çafa. During the attack, the Algerian garrison entrenched itself in the citadel of the city and resisted all assaults while waiting for reinforcements from Algiers.[11]

As soon as he returned to Algiers, the Algerian sultan, Hasan Pacha assembled a powerful army. Alerted to this offensive, he marched to the aid of Tlemcen with its twenty-two thousand men. On hearing of his arrival, the frightened Moroccans crossed the border again, hotly pursued by the Algerian army which reached them under the walls of Fez.[12]

A counter-battle under the walls of Fez took place. The city was defended by four thousand musketeers, thirty thousand horsemen and ten thousand infantrymen. This Algerian counter-attack, described as stubborn, caused many losses on both the Moroccan and Algerian sides. Hassan Pasha decided to return with his army to Tlemcen after being warned of a possible Spanish attack. For the bey of Algiers, the Saadians were not a problem as long as they did not cross the Moulouya river, which served as the border between Algeria and Morocco at the time.[13]

Aftermath[]

The Moroccan army ends its campaign when it learns that a berber revolt has broken out in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains.[14] Mohamed el Mehdi withdrew, leaving Caïd Mansour in place with his troops.[15] Hassan, son of Hayreddin Barbarossa, who had returned at the head of the regency of Algiers, defeated the Moroccans and launched an assassin, a certain Salah Kahia, to take revenge on Sultan Mohamed ash-sheikh and his attempted alliance with the Spaniards.[15][3]

References[]

  1. ^ Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria , IB Tauris , 2014, p.  195
  2. ^ Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Historical Dictionary of Algeria By Phillip C. Naylor
  4. ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 0-521-33184-6. OCLC 14242602.
  5. ^ Ruff, Paul (1998-10-15). La domination espagnole à Oran sous le gouvernement du comte d'Alcaudete, 1534-1558 (in French). Editions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-35676-083-8.
  6. ^ Boyer (1966), p. 23
  7. ^ III, Comer Plummer (2015-09-09). Roads to Ruin: The War for Morocco In the Sixteenth Century. Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 9781483431048. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  8. ^ De La Veronne, Chantal (1973). "Relations entre le Maroc et la Turquie dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle et le début du XVIIe siècle (1554-1616)". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 15 (1): 391–401. doi:10.3406/remmm.1973.1258.
  9. ^ Spuler, Bertold; Kissling, Hans Joachim (1994). History of the Muslim World. M. Wiener. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-55876-112-4.
  10. ^ Bertold Spuler. The muslim world a historical servery - Part III the last greate muslim empires. Brill Archive. p. 114. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  11. ^ Merouche, Lemnouar (2007-10-15). Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité (in French). Editions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-35676-055-5.
  12. ^ Merouche, Lemnouar (2007-10-15). Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité (in French). Editions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-35676-055-5.
  13. ^ Grammont, H.-D. de (2016-07-20). Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque: 1515-1830 (in French). Collection XIX. ISBN 978-2-346-08756-3.
  14. ^ Faure Biguet, Gabriel (1838-1919) Auteur du texte (1905). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale sous la domination musulmane / général G. Faure-Biguet.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Mercier, Ernest (1840-1907) Auteur du texte (1888). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830). [Tome 3] / par Ernest Mercier...
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