Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration

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During the administration of American President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), the United States gave further consideration to the decriminalization of cannabis (marijuana), with the support of the president. However, law enforcement, conservative politicians, and grassroots parents' groups opposed this measure. The net result of the Carter administration was the continuation of the War on Drugs and restrictions on cannabis,[1][2] while at the same time cannabis consumption in the United States reached historically high levels.[3]

Campaign position[]

During his presidential campaign, Carter responded to a candidate survey by NORML, and stated that he was in favor of decriminalization of cannabis, as had recently been passed in Oregon in 1973.[4]

Presidency[]

In a 1977 address to Congress, Carter submitted that penalties for cannabis use should not outweigh the actual harms of cannabis consumption. Carter retained Nixon-era (yet pro-decriminalization) advisor Robert Du Pont, and appointed pro-decriminalization British physician Peter Bourne as his drug advisor (or "drug czar") to head up his newly-formed Office of Drug Abuse Policy.[1][5]

Decriminalization[]

Six months into his administration, Carter was already speaking in support of decriminalization of cannabis, replacing imprisonment with civil fines,[6][7] and removing federal penalties for possession of one ounce or less of cannabis.[8] Carter supported softer enforcement regarding cannabis and cocaine, while maintaining a stricter stance against the perceived greater dangers of heroin.[9]

Opposition[]

Carter's momentum on decriminalization was impeded by the discrediting of Bourne, leading to Bourne's resignation on 20 July, 1978. Bourne came under controversy concerning his efforts to maintain the confidentiality of one of his staff for whom he had written a prescription for methaqualone. Shortly thereafter, National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws executive director Keith Stroup leaked Bourne's alleged use of cannabis and cocaine (which Bourne had previously characterized as being "acutely pleasurable" in "The Great Cocaine Myth," a 1974 article for the Drugs and Drug Abuse Education Newsletter)[10] at a party coinciding with the group's annual convention to journalists Gary Cohn and Jack Anderson in retaliation for the Carter administration's continued use of paraquat on Mexican cannabis fields.[11][12]

Grassroots parents' organizations played a role in building popular opinion against cannabis decriminalization. The group met with DuPont in 1977 and impressed upon him that youth cannabis usage was hurting students and families. Following this meeting, DuPont scaled back his support for decriminalization.[13][1]: 29 

Carter was also opposed by conservative politicians. Ex-governor of California and future president Ronald Reagan used his syndicated weekly radio show to attack Carter for being soft on cannabis, and support stricter anti-cannabis policies.[14]

Congress ultimately ignored Carter's support for decriminalization, alarmed by a sharp increase in the use of cocaine, and seeing cannabis as a gateway drug.[15]

Compassionate Investigational New Drug program[]

The Compassionate Investigational New Drug program (Compassionate IND) was founded in 1978 by the Carter administration, providing federally-produced cannabis products to a limited number of assigned patients. The program was closed to new applicants in 1992 under the George H. W. Bush administration.[16]

Drug War in Mexico[]

Carter spoke in favor of Mexico's program, funded by the United States, to eradicate cannabis in Mexico, stating: ""Marijuana happens to be an illicit drug that's included under the overall drug control program, and I favor this program very strongly."[17]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rudolph Joseph Gerber (2004). Legalizing Marijuana: Drug Policy Reform and Prohibition Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-0-275-97448-0.
  2. ^ Kenneth J. Meier (16 September 2016). The Politics of Sin: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy. Taylor & Francis. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-1-315-28727-0.
  3. ^ Mark A. R. Kleiman; James E. Hawdon (12 January 2011). Encyclopedia of Drug Policy. SAGE Publications. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-1-5063-3824-8.
  4. ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency (1975). Marijuana Decriminalization: Hearing Before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session ... May 14, 1975. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1101–.
  5. ^ John Hudak (25 October 2016). Marijuana: A Short History. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-8157-2907-5.
  6. ^ Michael T. Compton, M.D., M.P.H. (18 March 2016). Marijuana and Mental Health. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-1-61537-008-5.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Martin Torgoff (13 May 2004). Can't Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945-2000. Simon and Schuster. pp. 273–. ISBN 978-0-7432-5863-0.
  8. ^ Linda K. Mancillas Ph.D. (12 January 2018). Presidents and Mass Incarceration: Choices at the Top, Repercussions at the Bottom. ABC-CLIO. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-1-4408-5947-2.
  9. ^ Mona Lynch (1 November 2016). Hard Bargains: The Coercive Power of Drug Laws in Federal Court. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-1-61044-861-1.
  10. ^ https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/appc.htm
  11. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/07/21/cocaine-sniffing-incident/9e5b6175-25a7-4169-8a8f-e12484aaa961/
  12. ^ HighBeam
  13. ^ Andrew B. Whitford; Jeff Yates (11 September 2009). Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda: Constructing the War on Drugs. JHU Press. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-8018-9346-9.
  14. ^ Katherine Tate; James Lance Taylor; Mark Q. Sawyer (15 August 2013). Something's in the Air: Race, Crime, and the Legalization of Marijuana. Routledge. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-1-135-01706-4.
  15. ^ Kyle Farmbry (6 August 2014). The War on Poverty: A Retrospective. Lexington Books. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-0-7391-9079-1.
  16. ^ Goldman, Russell (November 24, 2009). "Man Sets Marijuana Record, Smokes 115,000 Joints Provided by Federal Government". ABC News. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  17. ^ Carter, Jimmy (1 January 1979). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1978. Best Books on. pp. 1329–. ISBN 978-1-62376-770-9.
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