Carthago delenda est

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Cato the Censor (234–149 BC), the most persistent advocate in the Senate for the total destruction of Carthage, was associated with repeated use, in or out of its proper context, of the phrase Delenda est Carthago.
Ruins in Carthage
The location of Carthage in North Africa

Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam or Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam ("Furthermore, I consider that Carthage must be destroyed"), often abbreviated to Carthāgō dēlenda est ("Carthage must be destroyed"), is a Latin oratorical phrase pronounced by Cato the Censor, a politician of the Roman Republic. The phrase originates from debates held in the Roman Senate prior to the Third Punic War (149–146 BC) between Rome and Carthage. Cato is said to have used the phrase as the conclusion to all his speeches to push for the war.

Grammatical analysis[]

The phrase employs delenda, the feminine singular gerundive form of the verb dēlēre ("to destroy").[1] The gerundive (or future passive participle) delenda is a verbal adjective that may be translated as "to be destroyed". When combined with a form of the verb esse ("to be"), it adds an element of compulsion or necessity, yielding "is to be destroyed", or, as it is more commonly rendered, "must be destroyed". The gerundive delenda functions as a predicative adjective in this construction,[2] which is known as the passive periphrastic.

The short form of the phrase, Carthago delenda est, is an independent clause. Consequently, the feminine singular subject noun Carthago appears in the nominative case.[3] The verb est[i] functions as a copula—linking the subject noun Carthago to the predicative verbal adjective delenda—and further imports a deontic modality to the clause as a whole.[4] Because delenda is a predicative adjective in relation to the subject noun Carthago, it takes the same number (singular), gender (feminine) and case (nominative) as Carthago.[5]

The fuller forms Ceterum censeo delendam esse Carthaginem and Ceterum autem censeo delendam esse Carthaginem use the so-called accusative and infinitive construction for the indirect statement. In each of these forms, the verb censeo ("I opine") sets up the indirect statement delendam esse Carthaginem ("[that] Carthage is to be destroyed").[6] Carthaginem, the subject of the indirect statement, is in the accusative case; while the verb esse is in its present infinitive form. Delendam is a predicate adjective in relation to the subject noun Carthaginem and thus takes the same number (singular); gender (feminine); and case (accusative) as Carthaginem.[7]

Historical background[]

Although Rome was successful in the first two Punic Wars,[8] as it vied for dominance with the seafaring Punic city-state of Carthage in North Africa (now Tunisia), it suffered a number of humiliations and damaging reverses in the course of these engagements, especially at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Rome nonetheless managed to win the Second Punic War thanks to Scipio Africanus in 201 BC. After its defeat, Carthage ceased to be a threat to Rome and was reduced to a small territory that was equivalent to what is now northeastern Tunisia.

However, Cato the Censor visited Carthage in 152 BC as a member of a senatorial embassy, which was sent to arbitrate a conflict between the Punic city and Massinissa, the king of Numidia. Cato, a veteran of the Second Punic War, was shocked by Carthage's wealth, which he considered dangerous for Rome. He then relentlessly called for its destruction and ended all of his speeches with the phrase, even when the debate was on a completely different matter.[9] The Senate refused to follow him though, especially Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, the son-in-law of Scipio Africanus and the most influential senator. Corculum opposed the war to preserve Roman unity and argued that the fear of a common enemy was necessary to keep the people in check.[10] Like Cato, he ended all his speeches with the same phrase, "Carthage must be saved" (Carthago servanda est).[11][12][13]

Cato finally won the debate after Carthage had attacked Massinissa, which gave a casus belli to Rome since the peace treaty of 201 BC prevented Carthage from declaring war without Rome's assent.[14][15] In 146 BC, Carthage was razed by Scipio Aemilianus, Africanus's grandson, and its entire remaining population was sold into slavery. Africa then became a Roman province. The notion that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt is a 19th-century invention.[16][17][18]

Historical literary sources[]

No ancient source gives the phrase exactly as it is usually quoted in modern times. Its current form was made by English and French scholars at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, while German scholars have used the longer "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem delendam esse".[19] Ancient authors quote the phrase as follow:

  • Plutarch, in his biography of Cato in the Parallel Lives, written in Greek: "δοκεῖ δέ μοι καὶ Καρχηδόνα μὴ εἶναι."[20]
  • Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History: "[Cato], cum clamaret omni senatu Carthaginem delendam, …"[21]
  • Aurelius Victor in his De viris illustribus: "[Marcus Porcius Cato] Carthaginem delendam censuit."[22]
  • Florus, in his Epitome of Livy: "Cato inexpiabili odio delendam esse Carthaginem … pronuntiabat."[11]

Therefore Pliny the Elder, Florus and the Pseudo Aurelius Victor quote the phrase Carthago delenda est in indirect speech.

Modern usage[]

The phrase is sometimes fully adopted in modern usage and sometimes paraphrased, as a learned reference to total warfare.[23] In 1673, the English minister Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury revived the phrase in the form "Delenda est Carthago" in a speech before Parliament during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, comparing England to Rome and the Dutch Republic to Carthage.[citation needed] In the 1890s, the London newspaper Saturday Review published several articles that expressed an anti-German sentiment, summed up in the quote Germania est delenda ("Germany must be destroyed").[citation needed] In 1899, the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy retained the phrase's form "Carthago delenda est" for the title of a pacifist essay condemning war and militarism published in the liberal London newspaper The Westminster Gazette. [24] Jean Hérold-Paquis, a broadcaster on the German-controlled Radio Paris in occupied France between 1940 and 1944 had "England, like Carthage, shall be destroyed!" as his catchphrase.[citation needed] The phrase was used as the title for Alan Wilkins' 2007 play on the Third Punic War, and for a book about Carthaginian history by Richard Miles.

In a modern meaning, the syntagma "ceterum censeo" used by itself refers to an often reiterated statement, usually a core belief of the one issuing it.

In Isaac Asimov's novel Robots and Empire Dr. Mandamus uses a note with the phrase in order to convince Kelden Amadiro to see him about his plan of destroying , which they both consider the ultimate enemy of the Spacer worlds. In this case, the phrase is written as "Ceterum censeo, delenda est Carthago" and Mandamus translates it as "In my opinion, Carthage must be destroyed". An antonymic version of the phrase is used in the novel Peace on Earth by Stanisław Lem ("Ceterum censeo humanitatem preservandam esse"—"Furthermore, I consider that mankind must be saved").[25]

In Poul Anderson's short story "Delenda Est" time travelers meddling in the events of the Second Punic War create an alternate history in which Western European civilization came to be based on a Celtic-Carthaginian cultural synthesis (rather than Greco-Roman, as in actual history).

The paraphrase of the words of Cato the Elder was often used by the Polish member of the European Parliament of the 8th term, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, at the end of his speeches. It was as follows: "And besides, I believe that the European Union shall be destroyed."[26]

The post-hardcore band Million Dead named a song "Carthage est delenda" which appeared on their 2005 album Harmony No Harmony.

In the Asterix the Gaul story Asterix and the Laurel Wreath, Asterix and Obelix are imprisoned and sent to trial with a lawyer who has prepared a speech opening with "Carthago delenda", which he attempts to rehearse multiple times but is continually interrupted. When the trial begins the prosecutor opens his speech with the same remark, leaving the defending lawyer aghast.[27]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Est is the third-person singular present active indicative form of the verb esse; here, the person (third) and number (singular) of the verb are controlled by the subject noun, Carthago.

References[]

  1. ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles.
  2. ^ Betts, Gavin, Teach Yourself Latin, Sevenoaks, 1992, p.125, ISBN 978-0340867037
  3. ^ Latin Case. Department of Classics - The Ohio State University. Web. 16 Feb. 2016. (noting that "[t]he nominative case is the case for the subject of the sentence.")
  4. ^ To be clear, the semantic import of "Carthage is to be destroyed" is not "Carthage is scheduled for future destruction," but rather that "Carthage must be destroyed." The former is a flaccid recital of a future eventuality; the latter is a normative statement of what needs to happen, of moral desert. That is the deontic modality. See, e.g., Risselada, Rodie. Imperatives and Other Directive Expressions in Latin: A Study in the Pragmatics of a Dead Language. Brill Academic Publishers, 1993. p. 179. Print. (noting that the periphrastic gerundival construction "has a general deontic value.")
  5. ^ Allen, J. H., Greenough, J. B., et al. Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, PART FIRST — WORDS AND FORMS, ADJECTIVES. Perseus Digital Library. Web. 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "[adjectives] agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.")
  6. ^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part Second — Syntax, Indirect Discourse. Perseus Digital Library; accessed 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "Verbs . . . of knowing, thinking, telling, and perceiving, govern the Indirect Discourse.")
  7. ^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part First — Words and Forms, Adjectives. Perseus Digital Library, accessed 13 Feb. 2016.
  8. ^ "Third Punic War". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
  9. ^ Astin, Cato, pp. 267–288.
  10. ^ Diodorus, xxxiv–xxxv. 33.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Florus, Epitome, i. 31.
  12. ^ O'Gorman, "Cato the Elder", p. 111.
  13. ^ John Jacobs, "From Sallust to Silius Italicus, Metvs Hostilis and the Fall of Rome in the Punica", in Miller & Woodman (eds.), Latin Historiography, p. 123.
  14. ^ Adcock, "Delenda est Carthago", pp. 125, 126.
  15. ^ Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est", p. 87.
  16. ^ Ridley 1986, pp. 144–145.
  17. ^ Ripley & Dana 1858–1863, p. 497.
  18. ^ Purcell 1995, p. 140.
  19. ^ Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est", pp. 79, 89 (note 4).
  20. ^ Plutarch, Cato the Elder, 27.
  21. ^ Pliny, xv. 20.
  22. ^ Aurelius Victor, 47. 8.
  23. ^ ""Delenda est" shouldn't be destroyed". Archived from the original on June 25, 2006. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
  24. ^ Tolstoy, Leo (1819). Essays, Letters, and Miscellanies Vol. I. New York: Scribners. pp. 80–89. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  25. ^ Stanislaw Lem (2002). Peace on Earth. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 178. ISBN 015602814X.
  26. ^ ""A poza tym sądzę, że UE musi być zniszczona". Przemówienie Janusza Korwin-Mikkego". TVN24.pl. 2016-01-19.
  27. ^ "Asterix and the Laurel Wreath: Latin Jokes Explained". Everything Asterix.

Bibliography[]

Ancient sources[]

Modern sources[]

  • F. E. Adcock, "'Delenda est Carthago'", in The Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1946), pp. 117–128.
  • Alan E. Astin, Cato the Censor, Oxford University Press, 1978.
  • John F. Miller & A. F. Woodman (editors), Latin Historiography and Poetry in the Early Empire, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2010.
  • Ellen O'Gorman, "Cato the elder and the destruction of Carthage", in Helios 31 (2004), pp. 96–123.
  • Purcell, Nicholas (1995). "On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth". In Innes, Doreen; Hine, Harry; Pelling, Christopher (eds.). Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy Fifth Birthday. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 133–148. ISBN 978-0-19-814962-0.
  • Ridley, Ronald (1986). "To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage". Classical Philology. 81 (2): 140–146. JSTOR 269786.
  • Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. (1858–1863). "Carthage". The New American Cyclopædia: a Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. 4. New York: D. Appleton. p. 497. OCLC 1173144180. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  • Silvia Thürlemann, "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam", Gymnasium 81 (1974), pp. 465–476.
  • Ursula Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est: Aita and Prophasis", in Acta Classica XXXII (1989), pp. 79–95.
  • Gordon, Gregory S. (2017). Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061270-2.
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