Central chimpanzee

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Central chimpanzee[1]
Unnamed - Chimpanzee - Central African Republic.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
Genus: Pan
Species:
P. troglodytes
Subspecies:
P. t. troglodytes
Trinomial name
Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Pan troglodytes troglodytes area.png

The central chimpanzee or tschego (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) is a subspecies of chimpanzee closely related to gorillas, orangutans and humans. It occurs mainly in Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo, but also, to a lesser extent, in other regions.

Etymology[]

Pan is derived from the Greek god of fields, groves, and wooded glens, Pan. Troglodytes is Greek for 'cave-dweller', and was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his Handbuch der Naturgeschichte (Handbook of Natural History) published in 1779.

Description[]

The central chimpanzee averages 59.7 kilograms (132 lb) in males and 45.8 kilograms (101 lb) in females.[3] Central chimpanzees have been observed attacking western lowland gorilla troops and killing their infants.[4]

Distribution and habitat[]

The central chimpanzee occurs in Central Africa, mainly in Gabon, Cameroon, and Republic of the Congo, but also in the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, southeast Nigeria, and (possibly) the coastal extension of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its range extends north to the Sanaga River in Cameroon, east to the Ubangi River that defines the border between the two Congos, and south to the Congo River, which defines a large part of the same border.[2]

Chimpanzees are found predominantly in tropical moist forest and wet savanna woodlands, as well as the forest-savanna mosaics where these two biomes meet, from sea level to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft).[5] They tend to have larger ranges in the forest-savanna mosaics.[2] The average range is 12.5 km2 (4.8 sq mi), but can vary from 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) to 400 km2 (150 sq mi).[2]

Conservation[]

The 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species classifies the central chimpanzee as endangered.[2] In 1988 they were considered "vulnerable", but have been considered "endangered" since at least 1996.[2] The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimates there are as many as 115,000 individuals alive,[1] but that the number is more likely between 47,000 and 78,000[5] The central chimpanzee only has large, robust populations where large amounts of forest are left undisturbed; smaller, isolated populations also remain. According to the IUCN, decline in the central chimpanzee population is expected to continue for another 30 to 40 years.[2]

Major threats to central chimpanzee populations include Ebola virus disease, poaching for bushmeat, and habitat destruction.[1][2][5] The IUCN attributes this to increasing human presence (agriculture, de-forestation, development) and political instability.[2]

Due to their close genetic relationship to humans, chimpanzees are vulnerable to viruses that afflict humans, such as Ebola, the common cold, influenza, pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles, yellow fever, HIV and may contract other parasitological diseases such as schistosomiasis, filariasis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis.[5]

Link with HIV-1[]

Two types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to west Africa.[6] Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from primates to humans. HIV-1 has evolved from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) found in the central chimpanzee.[7][8] Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting that the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, found in the sooty mangabey, monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.[6]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c World Wildlife Fund: Central chimpanzee Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tutin, C.E.G.; Baillie, J.E.M.; Dupain, J.; Gatti, S.; Maisels, F.; Stokes, E.J.; Morgan, D.B. & Walsh, P.D. (2008). "Pan troglodytes ssp. troglodytes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  3. ^ Kingdon, J. (2013). Mammals of Africa: Volume II. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 64.
  4. ^ Southern, L. M.; Deschner, T.; Pika, S. (19 July 2021). "Lethal coalitionary attacks of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) on gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the wild". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93829-x. PMC 8290027.
  5. ^ a b c d "Chimpanzee facts and issues". Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  6. ^ a b Reeves, J. D.; Doms, R. W. (2002). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 2". Journal of General Virology. 83 (6): 1253–65. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253. PMID 12029140.
  7. ^ Keele, B. F.; Van Heuverswyn, F.; Li, Y.; et al. (2006). "Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. 313 (5786): 523–6. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMC 2442710. PMID 16728595.
  8. ^ Gao, F.; Bailes, E.; Robertson, D. L.; et al. (1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature. 397 (6718): 436–41. doi:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410. S2CID 4432185.

External links[]

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