Chen (state)
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State of Chen 陳國 | |||||||
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c. 1045 BC–479 BC | |||||||
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Capital | Wanqiu (宛丘) | ||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||
History | |||||||
• Established | c. 1045 BC | ||||||
• Became capital of Chu | 479 BC | ||||||
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Chen | |||
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![]() "Chen" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters | |||
Traditional Chinese | 陳 | ||
Simplified Chinese | 陈 | ||
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Chen (Chinese: 陈国; Chinese: 陳國; pinyin: Chen Guo) was a state founded by the Duke Hu of Chen during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. It flourished from c. 1045 BC–479 BC. Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province. Chen, the 4th most popular surname in the world, and members of the Hu clan would claim descent from the Duke Hu of Chen who was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun. At its peak, Chen encompassed fourteen cities in modern-day Henan and Anhui.
Name[]
It is written 陈 the same as the Chen surname. In ancient texts, it is sometimes misspelled as 敶, also pronounced Chen.[1]
Territory[]
Chen was originally from Taihao (太昊、太皞), the capital of Fuxi's clan.[2] It was south of the Yellow River.[2][3]
Capital[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E8%AF%B8%E4%BE%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%BE%28%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%29.png/220px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E8%AF%B8%E4%BE%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%BE%28%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%29.png)
Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province.[4][5][6]
The Shijing (《詩經·》《陳風·宛丘》) recorded the following about the Chen capital [to be translated]:[7][8]
子之湯兮,宛丘之上兮。洵有情兮,而無望兮。
坎其擊鼓,宛丘之下。無冬無夏,值其鷺羽。
坎其擊缶,宛丘之道。無冬無夏,值其鷺翿。
《詩經·國風·陳風·宛丘》
History[]
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According to tradition, the royal family of Chen were descendants of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun. After the conquest of the Shang dynasty in 1046/45 BC, King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed his son-in-law Gui Man, a descendant of Shun, at Chen, and Man became known as Duke Hu of Chen (Chen Hugong).[9][10]
Duke Shēn of Chen, son of Hugong then became second emperor of Chen.[11]
Chen later became an ally state of Chu, fighting as an ally of Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. It was finally unified with the Chu in 479 BC. Many people of Chen then took the name of their former country as their family name, and account for the many of Chinese people with the family name Chen today. After the destruction of the old Chu capital at Ying, Chen became the Chu capital.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kyo.png/240px-Kyo.png)
Achievements and descendants[]
- The founding emperor Chen Hugong is credited with being the originator of the Chen (surname), now the fourth most popular surname in the world[12]
- The Chen clan would later found the Chen Dynasty of China and then the Trần dynasty, a golden age of Vietnam (陈朝 Tran is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chen).
- In 1400 AD, Hồ Quý Ly overthrew the Trần dynasty and established the Hồ dynasty (Hồ is the Vietnamese pronunciation for "Hu"). He claimed to be a descendant of Chen Hugong and Emperor Shun, and changed the name of Vietnam from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu (大虞), or Great Ngu (Ngu is the Vietnamese pronunciation for Yu 虞 the legendary state of Emperor Shun).[13]
- In ancient times 陈 sounded similar to 东 dong, meaning 'East'. It also sounded similar to 田 tian. After the warring states period, some members of the Chen clan in Qi (state) adopted the surname 田 Tian, which later became popular in Chinese and Japanese surnames.
In summary, surnames with descent from Chen include:
Culture[]
The Shijing has at least 10 songs dedicated to Chen:《宛丘》、《東門之枌》、《衛門》、《東門之池》、《東門之楊》、《墓門》、《防有鵲巢》、《月出》、《株林》、《澤陂》。[14]
Rulers[]
The Chen state lasted nearly 600 years and produced over 25 rulers. In chronological order from first to last (note Hu Gong means Duke of Hu and vice versa):
- Duke Hu of Chen
- Duke Shēn of Chen [11]
- Duke Xiang of Chen
- Duke Xiao of Chen
- Duke Shèn of Chen
- Duke You of Chen
- Duke Xi of Chen
- Duke Wu of Chen
- Duke Yi of Chen
- Duke Ping of Chen
- Duke Wen of Chen
- Duke Huan of Chen
- Chen Tuo
- Duke Li of Chen
- Duke Zhuang of Chen
- Duke Xuan of Chen
- Duke Mu of Chen
- Duke Gong of Chen
Table[]
Ruler | Title (Chinese) | Other Name (Chinese) | Reign (BC) | Number of years ruling | Identity | |
1 | Chen Hugong | 滿 | 1045—986 | 60 | The founder of Chen | |
2 | Duke Shēn of Chen [11] | 犀侯 | 985—961 | Ruled for 25 years | - | |
3 | Duke Xiang of Chen | 皋羊 | 960—939 | Ruled for 22 years | The younger brother of Duke Shēn | |
4 | Duke Xiao of Chen | 突 | 938—905 | Ruled for 34 years | The son of Duke Shēn | |
5 | Duke Shèn of Chen | 圉戎 | 904—855 | Ruled for 50 years | The son of Duke Xiao | |
6 | Duke You of Chen | 寧 | 854—832 | Ruled for 23 years | The son of Duke Shen | |
7 | Duke Xi of Chen | 孝 | 831—796 | Ruled for 36 years | The son of Duke You | |
8 | Duke Wu of Chen | 靈 | 795—781 | Ruled for 15 years | The son of Duke Xi | |
9 | Duke Yi of Chen | 說 | 780—778 | Ruled for 3 years | The son of Duke Wu | |
10 | Duke Ping of Chen | 燮 | 777—755 | Ruled for 23 years | The younger brother of Duke Yi | |
11 | Duke Wen of Chen | 圉 | 754—745 | Ruled for 10 years | The son of Duke Ping | |
12 | Duke Huan of Chen | 鮑 | 744—707 | Ruled for 38 years | The son of Duke Wen | |
13 | Chen Tuo | - | 707─706 | Ruled for 8 months | The younger brother of Duke Huan | |
14 | Duke Li of Chen | 躍 | 706─700 | Ruled for 7 years | The son of Duke Huan | |
15 | Duke Zhuang of Chen | 林 | 699—693 | Ruled for 7 years | The son of Duke Li | |
16 | Duke Xuan of Chen | 杵臼 | 692—648 | Ruled for 45 years | The younger brother of Duke Zhuang | |
17 | Duke Mu of Chen | 款 | 647—632 | Ruled for 16 years | The son of Duke Xuan | |
18 | Duke Gong of Chen | 朔 | 631—614 | Ruled for 18 years | The son of Duke Mu | |
19 | Duke Ling of Chen | 平國 | 613—599 | Ruled for 15 years | The son of Duke Gong | |
20 | Xia Zhengshu | - | 599 | Ruled for multiple months | The great-grandson of Duke Xuan | |
21 | Duke Cheng of Chen | 午 | 598—569 | Ruled for 30 years | The son of Duke Ling | |
22 | Duke Ai of Chen | 弱 | 568—534 | Ruled for 35 years | The son of Duke Cheng | |
23 | Gongzi Liu | - | 534, from March to November | Ruled for 9 months | The son of Duke Ai | |
24 | Chuan Fengxu | - | 533—529 | Ruled for 5 years | Advisor of Chu | |
25 | Duke Hui of Chen | 吳 | 529—506 | Ruled for 28 years | Grandson of Duke Ai | |
26 | Duke Huai of Chen | 柳 | 505—502 | Ruled for 4 years | Son of Duke Hui | |
27 | Duke Min of Chen | 越 | 501—478 | Ruled for 24 years | Son of Duke Huai |
註1:陳幽公以前的君主在位年,皆為推測所得,僅供參考。
Family tree[]
See zh:陈国君主世系图
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See also[]
- Chen (surname), 陈姓 adopted by people of Chen state
- Chen Hugong, founding emperor
- Emperor Shun (), forefather of Chen
- Tian Qi
- Gui surname
- Hu surname 胡姓
- Tian surname 田姓
- Yu surname
- Yao surname 姚姓
- Yuan surname 袁姓
- Yuan Taotu, relative of Chen family
References[]
- ^ 《說文解字》陳 段玉裁注
- ^ Jump up to: a b 《左傳·昭公十七年》:陈,大皞之虚也
- ^ 《史记·货殖列传》:"陈在楚夏之交,通鱼盐之货,其民多贾。"
- ^ 《吕氏春秋·似顺论》对此有更为详细的记载:"荆庄王欲伐陈,使人视之。使者曰:'陈不可伐也'。·庄王曰:'何故?'对曰:'城郭高,沟洫深,蓄积多也。'
- ^ 《毛詩傳》:"四方高,中央下曰宛丘"
- ^ 白壽彝版《中國通史》第03卷 上古時代 第四節 地學
- ^ 《詩經·》中有一首《陳風·宛丘》
- ^ 《詩經·國風·陳風·宛丘》
- ^ Yang 2003, p. 121.
- ^ Han 2010, pp. 2776–7.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Han 2010, pp. 2778–9.
- ^ 陳姓源于淮陽 陳胡公是得姓始祖及舜帝的後裔 [Chen surname originated in Huaiyang, Duke Hu of Chen is the founding ancestor and a descendant of Emperor Shun] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 22 March 2014.
- ^ Ngô 1479, p. 296.
- ^ 《詩經·國風》
Reading[]
- 《史記》卷36:陳杞世家 [Shiji]
- 《春秋左氏傳》(始見於隱公三年) [Spring and Autumn period]
- Chen (state)
- Ancient Chinese states
- Zhou dynasty
- 11th century BC
- 11th-century BC establishments in China
- States and territories established in the 11th century BC
- 5th-century BC disestablishments in China
- States and territories disestablished in the 5th century BC