Clausiliidae

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Clausiliidae
Door snail.jpg
Cochlodina laminata
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Superorder: Eupulmonata
Order: Stylommatophora
Suborder: Helicina
Infraorder:
Superfamily: Clausilioidea
Family: Clausiliidae
J. E. Gray, 1855[1]
Type genus
Clausilia
Draparnaud, 1805

Clausiliidae, also known by their common name the door snails, are a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [2]

With about 1,300[citation needed] species recent and fossil, this belong among the most diverse families of land gastropods (cf. Orthalicidae, although the marine gastropod family Pyramidellidae is larger).

Most species of Clausiliidae have an anatomical structure known as a clausilium, which enables the snail to close off the aperture of the shell with a sliding "door".

Shell description[]

Megalophaedusa martensi is the largest species of the family Clausiliidae in the world. The individual in the photograph has a shell which is 45.5 mm long. The whole snail weighs 3.2 g live.

Almost all the species of snails in the family of door snails are left-handed, which is an uncommon feature in gastropod shells in general.

These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.

The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.

The clausilium[]

Main article: clausilium
The clausilium of Clausilia dubia

Clausiliids are also very unusual among pulmonate gastropods in that most of them have a "door" or clausilium. The clausilium is not the same thing as an operculum, which does not exist at all in pulmonate gastropods.

The clausilium is a calcareous structure, tongue-shaped or spoon-shaped, which can close the aperture of the snail shell to protect the soft parts against predation by animals such as carnivorous beetle larvae. The narrow end of the clausilium slides in the grooves that are formed by the folds on the inside of the shell.

Anatomy[]

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).[3]

Taxonomy[]

The type genus is Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805.

The family Clausiliidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).[4]

2005 taxonomy[]

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 recognizes subfamilies as follows:

subfamily Gray, 1855

  • tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
  • tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979

subfamily A. J. Wagner, 1913

  • tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
  • tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
  • tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
  • tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
  • tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972

subfamily A. J. Wagner, 1913 - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999

subfamily † H. Nordsieck, 1981[5]

subfamily C. Boettger, 1926

  • tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926
  • tribe Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002

subfamily † H. Nordsieck, 1978

  • tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978[6]
  • tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985[7]

subfamily Wenz, 1923

subfamily Lindholm, 1924

  • tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
  • tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
  • tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
  • tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994

subfamily Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930

subfamily A. J. Wagner, 1922

  • † tribe Disjunctariini H. Nordsieck, 2014
  • tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
  • † tribe Nordsieckiini H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
  • † tribe Serrulellini H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
  • tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007

subfamily Ehrmann, 1927

Genera[]

Genera include:

Clausiliinae[]

tribe Clausiliini

  • Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805 - with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977[8]
  • Brusina, 1870[8]
  • Fitzinger, 1833 - with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus[8]
  • H. Nordsieck, 1963[8]
  • Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 - with three subgenera: Macrogastra, Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867[8]
  • H. Nordsieck, 1973[8]
  • A. J. Wagner, 1920[8]
  • Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 - has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians[8]
  • Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924[8]

tribe Gracillariini

  • Bielz, 1867[9]

Alopiinae[]

Alopiinae[10]

tribe Alopiini

  • H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969
  • H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Vest, 1867

tribe Cochlodinini

  • Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969
  • O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Delimini

  • Brandt, 1956
  • Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 - with four subgenera: Charpentieria; Gibbularia Monterosato, 1908; Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1877; Siciliaria Vest, 1867 and Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877
  • Hartmann, 1842 - with four subgenera: Delima; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877
  • Vest, 1867
  • Papillifera Hartmann, 1842

tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997

  • H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969
  • Albinaria Vest, 1867 - also include former genera Carinigera Moellendorff, 1873; Cristataria Vest, 1867; Isabellaria Vest, 1867; Sericata O. Boettger, 1878.
  • Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006[11]
  • Lampedusa - with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa
  • Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919
  • H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Muticaria Lindholm, 1925
  • A. J. Wagner, 1924

tribe Montenegrinini

Baleinae[]

  • Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
  • Balea J. E. Gray, 1824
  • Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923
  • Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842
  • H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • H. & A.Adams, 1855
  • H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
  • O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
  • O. Boettger, 1878
  • Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877

Constrictinae[]

Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:

  • † O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[4]

Garnieriinae[]

  • Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877
  • Grandinenia Minato & Chen, 1984
  • Ehrmann, 1927
  • H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Lindholm, 1924 - with two subgenera: Euryauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007 and Tropidauchenia

Eualopiinae[]

Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:

tribe † Eualopiini

  • † O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[4]

tribe † Rillyini

  • † Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 - type genus of the tribe[4]

Laminiferinae[]

  • Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 - the type genus of the family Laminiferinae.[4] Its type species is fossil.[4] (Actual status of the genus?)
  • Bofilliella Ehrmann, 1927
  • Neniatlanta Bouguignat, 1876

Mentissoideinae[]

  • O. Boettger, 1881 - with four subgenera: Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
  • H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
  • O. Boettger, 1877
  • Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - with two subgenera: Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
  • H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
  • O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
  • Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
  • H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • O. Boettger, 1877
  • O. Boettger, 1877
  • H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • Neubert, 1992 - with two subgenera: Kazancia and Lasica Neubert, 1995
  • O. Boettger, 1877
  • O. Boettger, 1877
  • Hesse, 1916
  • H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
  • Lindholm, 1925
  • Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883
  • H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • O. Boettger, 1877
  • H. Nordsieck, 1994

Neniinae[]

  • Andinia Polinski, 1922
  • Weyrauch, 1958
  • H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • Weyrauch, 1964 - with two subgenera: Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004
  • Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • Columbinia Polinski, 1924 - with three subgenera: Columbinia; Paranenia Rehder, 1939 and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926
  • H. Nordsieck, 1999
  • Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Zilch, 1949
  • Pilsbry, 1926
  • Polinski, 1922
  • Pilsbry, 1949
  • Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia
  • Polinski, 1922
  • H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Pilsbry, 1926
  • Grego & Sekeres, 2004
  • Pilsbry, 1926
  • Rehder, 1939
  • Ancey, 1882
  • Polinski, 1922
  • Weyrauch, 1957
  • Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984
  • Jousseaume, 1900
  • H. Nordsieck, 1999 - with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella
  • Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Weyrauch, 1957

Phaedusinae[]

tribe Phaedusini

  • H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925 - with three subgenera: Bathyptychia; Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
  • H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa and Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Lindholm, 1924 - with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella and Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • O. Boettger, 1877 - with five subgenera: Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa; Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Gredler, 1887
  • O. Boettger, 1877 - with 10 subgenera: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994 and Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Loosjes, 1965 - with two subgenera: Juttingia and Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Lindholm, 1924
  • H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa and Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
  • Moellendorff, 1883
  • H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa is a synonym of Megalophaedusa).[12]
  • Messageriella Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
  • H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • Blanford, 1872[13] - with five subgenera: Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927; Formosana O. Boettger, 1877; Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • O. Boettger, 1877
  • H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 and Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Kobelt, 1876 - with three subgenera: Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Reinia
  • Lindholm, 1925
  • Pilsbry, 1905
  • Lindholm, 1925
  • Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx

tribe Megalophaedusini

tribe ?

  • Pilsbry, 1905
  • Pilsbry, 1906
  • Ehrmann, 1927
  • Pilsbry, 1905
  • Pilsbry, 1905
  • Pilsbry, 1905
  • H. Nordsieck, 1998
  • Minato, 1981
  • Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973
  • Pilsbry, 1908
  • H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Germain, 1919 - with two subgenera; Excussispira Lindholm, 1925 and Synprosphyma
  • Pilsbry, 1908
  • Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Aulacophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Tyrannophaedusa
  • Käufel, 1930
  • Ehrmann, 1927

Serrulininae[]

  • Lindholm, 1924
  • H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • Rähle, 1982
  • Likharev & Stelkov, 1965
  • H. Nordsieck, 1978
  • Németh & Szekeres, 1995
  • Németh & Szekeres, 1995
  • Lindholm, 1924
  • Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • C. Boettger, 1935
  • Serrulina Mousson, 1873
  • H. Nordsieck, 1984
  • Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994
  • Gittenberger, 2000 - with two subgenera: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 and Tsoukatosia

Conservation[]

Although non-marine molluscs appear to be exceptionally vulnerable to extinction,[14] the IUCN Red list listed only 9 species[15] from this family.

References[]

  1. ^ J. E. Gray. April 14, 1855. Catalogue of Pulmonata or air-breathing Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I: 156.
  2. ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Clausiliidae L. Pfeiffer & J. E. Gray, 1855. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=833936 on 2020-08-25
  3. ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  5. ^ Nordsieck H. (1981). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 111(1-3): 101.
  6. ^ Nordsieck H. (1978). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 109(1-3): 104.
  7. ^ Nordsieck H. (1985). Heldia 1(3): 83.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Clausiliini". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.
  9. ^ "Graciliaria". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.
  10. ^ Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Leiden University, ISBN 90-6464-874-3.
  11. ^ Gittenberger E. & Uit de Weerd D. R. (2009). "Summarizing data on the Inchoatia taxa, including Inchoatia megdova bruggeni subspec. nov. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)" Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a08 Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ cf. Nordsieck H. (2006). "Species list of recent Clausiliidae".
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Maassen W. J. M. & Gittenberger E. (2007). "Three new clausiliid land snails from Tonkin, northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen 81(1): http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/81/nr01/a10 Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Lydeard, C.; Cowie R.; Ponder, W.F.; et al. (April 2004). "The global decline of nonmarine mollusks" (PDF). BioScience. 54 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2007. Retrieved 20 Oct 2009.
  15. ^ IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 5 March 2010.

Further reading[]

  • Maltz T. K. & Sulikowska-Drozd A. (2008) "Life Cycles of Clausiliids of Poland — Knowns and Unknowns". Annales Zoologici 58(4): 857-880. doi:10.3161/000345408X396783.
  • Nordsieck H. (2007). Worldwide Door Snails. ConchBooks, 213 pp. ISBN 978-3-939767-07-7.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Leiden University. HTM, PDF.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R., Piel W. H. & Gittenberger E. (2004). "Widespread polyphyly among Alopiinae snail genera: when phylogeny mirrors biogeography more closely than morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.010
  • Páll-Gergely B. & Szekeres M. , 2017. New and little-known Clausiliidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from Laos and southern Vietnam. Journal of Conchology 42(6): 507-519

External links[]

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