Clayton Spencer

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Clayton Spencer
ClaytonSpenceSpeaking.png
8th president of Bates College
Assumed office
July 1, 2012
ProvostMatthew Auer
Malcolm Hill
Preceded byElaine Tuttle Hansen
Personal details
Born
Ava Clayton Spencer

(1954-12-15) December 15, 1954 (age 67)
Concord, North Carolina, U.S.
Spouse(s)Ash Carter (divorced)
Children2
RelativesSamuel Spencer (father)
EducationWilliams College (BA)
University of Oxford (BA)
Harvard University (MA)
Yale University (JD)
Websitewww.bates.edu/president/

Ava Clayton Spencer (born December 15, 1954) is an American attorney and academic administrator serving as the eighth president of Bates College. She previously served as the vice president for institutional policy at Harvard University from 2005 to 2012.

Her tenure over Bates has seen a marked increase in financial assets, major campus expansion, and increased academic competitiveness. She has, however, been criticized for failing to quell biases in higher education and socioeconomic inequality. Spencer has publicly criticized U.S. president Donald Trump, Maine Governor Paul LePage, and numerous members of the U.S. Congress.

Early life and education[]

Ava Clayton Spencer was born on December 15, 1954 in Concord, North Carolina, the daughter of Ava Clark Spencer and Samuel Reid Spencer, one of four children.[1] Her father was history professor who served as the president of Mary Baldwin College from 1957 to 1968 and Davidson College from 1968 to 1983.[1] He attended Davidson and was trained at Harvard University.[2] Growing up Spencer used to "sneak across campus to watch commencements as a kid" and spent her dinners "[discussing] the issues facing the college".[3] From an early age she decided to drop the "Ava" from her name and go by "Clayton" as her mother had the same name.[2] Her parents were progressive Southerners who raised Spencer during a time of widespread segregation; later years would see increased desegregation.[2] When Spencer was two, she moved to Virginia for her father's first presidency and returned aged 13 to North Carolina for his second presidency.[2] She graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1973.[4]

In 1977, Spencer earned her bachelor's degree from Williams College, magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, with highest honors in history and German, then earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in theology from Oxford University in 1979.[1] She received a Master of Arts in religion from Harvard University in 1982 and a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1985, where she was an editor of the Yale Law Journal and winner of the Moot Court competition.[5]

Career[]

Government[]

Upon graduating law school, she clerked for Judge Rya W. Zobel of the U.S. District Court in Massachusetts from 1985 to 1986 and then practiced law at the Boston firm of Ropes & Gray from 1986 to 1989.[1] Spencer served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in Boston from 1989 to 1993 until becoming chief education counsel to the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources from 1993 to 1997 under U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy's chairmanship.[3] She spoke highly of Kennedy stating, "He was hugely progressive and relentless in pursuing his goals, but very pragmatic. That was formative. You can be idealistic and get nothing done; or you can be idealistic, keep your eye on the ball, and take a set of practical steps to advance your goals."[5]

Harvard University[]

Spencer worked at Harvard University for 15 years; 1997 to 2012.

Spencer joined Harvard in February 1997 as a consultant for federal policy issues.[6] The following year, she was appointed associate vice president for higher education policy reporting to the president, and quickly rose through the ranks to become the vice president for institutional policy.[3] In January 2003, Spencer's profile, along with other Harvard faculty was filtered into then-student Mark Zuckerberg's newly created "Facemash", the site was shut down by Harvard's administration because it overloaded network switches and limited internet access.[7][8]

Crimson Summer Academy[]

The Crimson Summer Academy (CSA) was founded as a "a University program that draws local high-achieving, economically disadvantaged students to study at Harvard for six weeks each summer"[9] by Spencer in 2003.[10] The program is funded by the President's Office at Harvard University. In 2013, Spencer attended an event hosted by the Harvard School of Education in celebration of the program's 10-year anniversary.[11]

Harvard Financial Aid Initiative[]

According to the Harvard Magazine, one of Spencer's most notable accomplishments is her involvement in the 2004 Harvard Financial Aid Initiative. Her initial contributions spanned the formulation of the program and subsequently expanded the initiative across all of Harvard's outlets.[12]

Harvard-Radcliffe merger[]

Main article: Radcliffe College § Radcliffe after the merger with Harvard

In this capacity she advocated for the merger of Harvard College and former women's college, Radcliffe College. She, along with the executive board of the college, merged the two institutions and founded the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. She became the executive dean of the newly founded institute and a frequently lectured at Harvard's Graduate School of Education. While at Harvard she ended the Early Action Program, initiated the Task Force on the Arts along with Harvard president Drew Faust and increased financial aid dramatically. Already widely considered as one of the most influential figures at Harvard, in 2005 she was appointed vice president for policy at Harvard University, serving until her appointment as president of Bates College in 2012.[13][14]

Bates College[]

Tenure[]

Further information: History of Bates College § 2012–present: Spencer era
Spencer was inaugurated on the historical quad in July 2012.

On October 26, 2012, Spencer was installed as the eighth and second female President of Bates College, in Lewiston, Maine.[15] Her inauguration speech, "Questions worth asking" drew 2,500 students, faculty, alumni, and members of the American collegiate educational system in Merrill Gymnasium.[16]

Spencer delivered her installation address, saying: "At Bates, we claim this union of excellence and opportunity as a core element of our identity, and we need to continue to build on this deep aspect of who we are. As a practical matter this means redoubling our efforts to recruit students from a wide range of backgrounds, and it means maintaining an unwavering commitment to financial aid."[17] Spencer assumed the presidency after the first female and 7th president of college–Elaine Tuttle Hansen–stepped down after a nine-year tenure to take a leadership position at Johns Hopkins University.[6]

Endowment and fundraising[]

Endowment Value AUM Donations
2012 $216.0 million 0.0% $432.8 million 0.0% $12.2 million 0.0%
2013 $233.8 million +8.2% $449.9 million +3.9% $12.0 million -1.6%
2014 $263.8 million +12.8% $539.8 million +19.9% $16.0 million +33.3%
2015 $261.5 million -0.8% $541.8 million +0.3% $21.6 million +35.0%
2016 $250.9 million -4.0% $542.5 million +0.3% $28.2 million +29.6%
2017 $293.8 million +37.8% $638.4 million +17.7% $27.0 million -4.9%
Total gains +$129.9m +60.1% Total gains +47.7% Total gains +91.4%
Sources: NACUBO: 2012 - 2017;[18][19][20] Audited Financial Statements: 2012 - 2017[21][22]

Spencer assumed an endowment that was heavily impacted by the 2007-08 financial crisis and market volatility, thus reporting negative returns in the first two years. During her first year as president, 2012, Spencer raised $12.2 million in donations.[23] At the conclusion of the second semester of the 2012/13 academic year, the Bates College Board of Trustees announced a totaled pool donation of $11.5 million to start the Catalyst Fund. Spencer would go on to expand the financial aid program by expending more of the college's endowment and indirect funding.[24] In the 2013 fiscal year, the college reported Spencer's fundraising totaled $12 million.[25] In 2014, Spencer introduced the option to donate capitalized securities, and saw a total of $16 million donated in the completed fiscal year.[26]

In May 2015, Spencer's fundraising prompted Moody's Investors Service to update the college's $24 million revenue bonds to an A1 rating.[27] During the capital cycle of 2015, Spencer raised $21.6 million, $5.6 million more than the year before. On March 31, 2015, Spencer raised $250,000, the most ever secured in 24 hours by the college.[28]

With the start of the 2016 academic year, she appointed committees to expand the college's curriculum, after a donation of $19 million was given to fund new areas of study and support incoming professors in the computer sciences.[29] In the 2016 fiscal year, Spencer's team in the Office of College Advancement raised $28.2 million, which broke the 2006 record and marked the third year the college's fundraising has increased by 30 percent annually.[30]

In May 2017, she launched the "Bates+You" fundraising campaign–the largest ever undertaken by the college–totaling $300 million to fund facilities, financial aid, the operational fund, and the endowment. The campaign was met with a $50 million donation from Michael Bonney, and has reached $160 million toward its total goal as of May 2017.[31]

Public policy and outreach[]

At the 2014 White House Summit on College Opportunity, Spencer joined other U.S. higher education executives to meet with President Obama. She used the event to highlight the college's financial aid program, and recent donations, as well as calling for educational and financial reform.[32] A year later in her comments on a proposed college ranking system was profiled in an article by the Wall Street Journal.[33]

Spencer was profiled by Inside Higher Education in February 2016, where she stressed the college's established Digital and Computational Studies program and the importance of computer science in a liberal arts education.[34] The announcement of the new area of study was profiled by MPBN earlier that month.[34]

In April 2016, she was interviewed by Time magazine, along with dean of admission and financial aid, Leigh Weisenburger. The two outlined college admissions in the coming academic years.[35] In June 2016, Spencer was interviewed on New England Cable News' CEO Corner, where she outlined the college's history and the importance of a liberal arts education in a knowledge-based economy.[36] On November 21, 2016, Spencer signed along with 250 other university presidents, a statement to the U.S. Congress and other elected officials to continue the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program at universities.[37][38] The statement was prompted after President Donald Trump asserted that his administration would terminate the program‍—‌Spencer noted the DACA as "both a moral imperative and a national necessity."[39]

In December 2017, she criticized the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 for "constrict[ing] access to education", and undermining "the engine of innovation that has driven the national economy since the end of World War II."[40]

Student life[]

The President's House serves as the official residence for Spencer.

Students participated in a late-night social event where seniors hosted themed parties in their off-campus houses which included underclassman touring the different houses and sampling various drinks.[41][42] Spencer banned the tradition in 2014, citing "hundreds of noise complaints", student safety, underage drinking, multiple instances of destruction of property, student arrests, and student-police violence.[43][44][45] Her choice to do so was widely criticized by student newspapers in the NESCAC and covered by multiple journals of higher education.[46][47][48][43] Spencer went on to announce that more funding was to be allocated for late-night programming stating, "part of the job is figuring out what the alternatives are."[49]

In March 2015, the Bates College Student Government passed a nearly unanimous vote-of-no-confidence against Spencer and her Vice-President of Student Affairs, Joshua McIntosh.[50] The vote was in response to her decision to suspend and eventually terminate an employment contract with a member of the college's staff. Students representatives charged the administration with violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.[50] Spencer noted the student's withdrawal of confidence and stated, "recent events confirm what I know to be true — that students care deeply about this college, as do faculty and staff on campus, and alumni of every generation. Students also rightly want and expect to be included in the discussions and decisions that shape their own experience and the way the college moves forward."[51]

On November 7, 2016, a day before the 2016 U.S. presidential election, it was revealed by a Bates student that local Lewiston townspeople were distributing flyers inside the college which asserted that in order to vote in the upcoming election, students were required to change their driver's license to feature a Lewiston residency and re-register any vehicles students had in the city.[52] Under 2016-17 Maine State law it is not required to complete anything described on the flyer, which lead Spencer to label the situation as "clearly a deliberate attempt at voter suppression",[53] sparking statewide backlash from local politicians.[53][54][55] Governor of Maine, Paul LePage asserted the flyer's validity stating "Democrats for decades have encouraged college students from out of state to vote in Maine, even though there is no way to determine whether these college students also voted in their home states."[54] Spencer's comments were reiterated and supported by the Maine Democratic Party leader, Phil Bartlett, and Maine Secretary of State Matt Dunlap.[53][56]

Other work[]

In April 2015, Spencer was appointed to the American Council on Education, "the nation's largest and most influential advocacy organization representing colleges and universities."[57] Her appointment was commented on by the council's president saying: "[Spencer] has been a part of almost every major discussion involving higher education policy over the last 20 years, her work on Capitol Hill, at Harvard and now at Bates gives her a unique and important perspective — particularly during this time of dynamic change in higher education. We are extremely pleased to have Clayton join the board and greatly appreciate her commitment to helping guide the work of ACE."[57] Her term on the board is set to expire in 2018.

Spencer has been elected numerous boards and committees, most notably Williams College and Phillips Exeter Academy.[58][59]

Public image[]

Due to her national prominence in U.S. higher education, her installation drew 2,500 students, faculty, alumni, and distinguished members of the American collegiate educational system to Lewiston.[16]

She was profiled by Williams College by their institutional magazine, when asked about her attendance of Williams she stated:

My notion was very naive, my 18-year-old self was thinking, "Thank God we've got this equality problem solved" [referring to her attendance of Williams in its first year of being coeducational], college had opened up for me just in the nick of time, and I thought that when I got older, everything would be even-steven, split right down the middle. This was my fundamental error, thinking that a switch had been flipped rather than understanding that feminism was a broad cultural movement that would require decades.[60]

In her capacity as an academic administrator at Harvard University, Spencer has been noted for her collaborative approach and effectiveness by The Harvard Crimson, and other media publications. Often referred to as "the Right Hand Woman",[61] she was considered one of the most influential figures at Harvard, behind its President Drew Gilpin Faust.[62] However, upon her assumption of the vice-presidency of policy, she was considered "the most powerful woman at Harvard"[63] charged with "developing strategic priorities for Harvard on behalf of the president, directing policy analysis, overseeing the office of institutional research, as well as the management of the offices of the president and provost."[64]

In 2014, Spencer was named among "Maine's 50 Most Influential People" list by Maine, the magazine. The publication noted that at Bates she was able to "contribute to the remarkable heritage of an institution that has stood for the ideals of opportunity and justice since the time of its founding," later commenting: "there could be no more perfect match."[65]

Personal life[]

Spencer resides in Lewiston, Maine. Spencer was married to United States Secretary of Defense Ash Carter, with whom she has two children, William and Ava Carter.[66]

Awards and honors[]

  • In 1979, Spencer received the Williams College's Carroll A. Wilson Fellowship
  • In 1997, Spencer won Williams College's Bicentennial Medal; for "[her] contributions that have helped countless students fulfill their dreams and have strengthened America."[67]
  • In 2014, she was mentioned among "Maine's 50 Most Influential People" by Maine, the magazine.[65]
  • In 2014, Spencer was ranked among CEOWORLD Magazine's "List of Top 17 Women in Colleges and Universities"[68]
  • In 2015, she received a Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) honorary degree from Bishop's University in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.[69]
  • In 2017, she received the Harvard Medal from the Harvard Alumni Association (HAA) of Harvard University.[70]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d "Clayton Spencer". Maine. 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  2. ^ a b c d "Clayton Spencer". Maine. 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  3. ^ a b c "Wow! Clayton Spencer begins a new relationship with her new college". Bates College. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  4. ^ "A. Clayton Spencer". Phillips Exeter Academy. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  5. ^ a b "Clayton Spencer". Main. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  6. ^ a b "Clayton Spencer, Harvard Vice President, to Lead Bates College". The New York Times. 2011-12-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  7. ^ Woz, Markus (2002). Traditionally Unconventional. Ladd Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. p. 6.
  8. ^ "Facebook founder's roommate recounts creation of Internet giant". Haaretz. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  9. ^ "Crimson Summer Academy Commemorates 10-Year Anniversary". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  10. ^ "Crimson Summer Academy Commemorates 10-Year Anniversary". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  11. ^ "A boost for city students". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  12. ^ "A. Clayton Spencer Appointed President of Bates". Harvard Magazine. 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  13. ^ "Biography – Office of the President – Bates College". bates.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
  14. ^ "Right-Hand Woman". thecrimson.com.
  15. ^ "Maine college has new president". Boston.com. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  16. ^ a b "'Questions Worth Asking' — President Clayton Spencer's inaugural address". Bates College. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  17. ^ "Inaugural Address Bates President Clayton Spencer" (PDF). Bates College.
  18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-31. Retrieved 2017-02-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "Bates College Financial Statements – June 30, 2016 and 2015" (PDF). Bates College. October 28, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  21. ^ http://www.bates.edu/accounting/files/2011/06/FY2013-Bates-Audited-Financial-Statements.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  22. ^ http://www.bates.edu/accounting/files/2011/06/Bates-College-FY14-Audited-Financial-Statements.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  23. ^ Bates College Common Data Set 2012 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-22. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  24. ^ "$11.5 million Catalyst Fund will support 'transformational change' at Bates College". Bates College. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  25. ^ "Report of Giving 2013". Bates College. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  26. ^ "Report of Giving 2014". Bates College. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  27. ^ "Moody's assigns A1 to Bates College's (ME) $24M Revenue Bonds, Series 2015; outlook stable". Moodys.com. 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  28. ^ "'Great Day' sets all-time giving record to secure $250K challenge gift". 2015-04-10. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  29. ^ "Bates announces gifts of $19 million to create six new endowed professorships and launch the college's new digital and computational studies program". Bates College. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  30. ^ "Giving to Bates soars to record $28.2 million, more than doubling since 2013". 2016-07-28. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  31. ^ "Bates receives its largest donation ever - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  32. ^ "President Spencer attends today's White House summit on college opportunity". Bates College. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  33. ^ Belkin, Douglas (2014-12-19). "Obama Spells Out College-Ranking Framework". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  34. ^ a b "Liberal arts colleges explore interdisciplinary pathways with computer science". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  35. ^ Gray, Eliza. "The Radical New Ways Colleges Are Sizing Up Students". Time. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  36. ^ "CEO Corner". New England Cable News. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  37. ^ "College & University Presidents Call for U.S. to Uphold and Continue DACA". Pomona College in Claremont, California - Pomona College. 2016-11-20. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  38. ^ "College presidents call for continuation of Obama administration program protecting undocumented students". Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  39. ^ "Bates joins national bid to defend undocumented students". Sun Journal. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  40. ^ "Bates College president blasts proposed cuts for higher education in tax bill - Lewiston Sun Journal". Lewiston Sun Journal. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  41. ^ "President and Dean of Students meet with students about changes in student life". Bates College. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  42. ^ "Bates cancels popular holiday party to limit binge drinking". The Bowdoin Orient. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  43. ^ a b "Bates College administrators squash popular Halloween-time party". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  44. ^ "The year without Trick or Drink: Tradition unexpectedly cancelled". The Bates Student. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  45. ^ "Bates Students Up In Arms Over Abrupt Cancellation of "Trick or Drink" | In The 'Cac". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  46. ^ "Bates College Cancels Trick or Drink Tradition". Higher Ed Hot Topics. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  47. ^ "This week in NESCAC news: Bates College cancels Halloween tradition". The Colby Echo. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  48. ^ "News". The Spectator. Hamilton College. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  49. ^ "Students unsatisfied with forum". The Bates Student. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
  50. ^ a b "RA Meeting Minutes 2/25/15". 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  51. ^ "A Message From President Spencer". The Bates Student. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  52. ^ "Fliers posted around Bates campus 'deliberate attempt at voter suppression,' school president says". Tegna Inc. WCSH. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  53. ^ a b c Collins, Steve. "Bates College president: Fliers left on campus aimed to suppress student voting". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  54. ^ a b "Gov. LePage accused of voter intimidation after he says college students must establish residency if they choose to vote in Maine". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  55. ^ "Maine ACLU calls on US Dept. of Justice to investigate voter suppression efforts". The Bates Student. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  56. ^ "Officials: Bates College Fliers Were 'Deliberate' Voter Suppression Effort". Associated Press. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  57. ^ a b "President Spencer joins board of leading higher education group". Bates College. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  58. ^ "Phillips Exeter Academy | Profile: A. Clayton Spencer '73". The Exeter Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  59. ^ "Spencer Elected President of Bates". Williams Magazine. Winter 2012. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  60. ^ "Williams Women". Williams Magazine. Summer 2015. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  61. ^ "Right-Hand Woman". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  62. ^ "Drew Gilpin Faust and the Incredible Shrinking Harvard". Boston. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  63. ^ "... and She's Gone". Shots in the Dark. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  64. ^ "A. Clayton Spencer Appointed President of Bates". Harvard Magazine. 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  65. ^ a b "50 People". Maine. 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  66. ^ "Ashton Carter Fast Facts". CNN. December 11, 2014.
  67. ^ "A. Clayton Spencer, Class of 1977 | Alumni Awards". Williams College. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  68. ^ Dhiraj, Amarendra Bhushan (2014-09-15). "List Of Top 17 Women-Run Colleges And Universities: Female Presidents OR Chancellors 2015". CEOWORLD Magazine. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  69. ^ "Biography | Office of the President". Bates College. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  70. ^ "3 alumni to receive Harvard Medal". Harvard Gazette. 2017-05-24. Retrieved 2017-05-30.

Further reading[]

  • Alfred, Williams Anthony. Bates College and Its Background. (1936) Online Deposit.
  • Stuan, Thomas. The Architecture of Bates College. (2006)
  • Chase, Harry. Bates College was named after Mansfield Man. (1878)
  • Woz, Markus. Bates College – Traditionally Unconventional. (2002)
  • Bates College Archives. Bates College Catalog. (1956–2017). 2017 Catalog.
  • Bates College Archives. Maine State Seminary Records. Online Deposit.
  • Bates College Archives. Bates College Oral History Project. Online Deposit[permanent dead link].
  • Clark, Charles E. Bates Through the Years: An Illustrated History. (2005)
  • Smith, Dana. Bates College – U. S. Navy V-12 Program Collection. (1943) Online Deposit.
  • Eaton, Mabel. General Catalogue of Bates College and Cobb Divinity School. (1930)
  • Larson, Timothy. Faith by Their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates College. (2005)
  • Calhoun, Charles C. A Small College in Maine. p. 163. (1993)
  • Johnnett, R. F. The Bates Student: A Monthly Magazine. (1878)
  • Phillips, F. Charles Bates College in Maine: Enduring Strength and Scholarship. Issue 245. (1952)
  • Dormin J. Ettrude, Edith M. Phelps, Julia Emily Johnsen. French Occupation of the Ruhr: Bates College Versus Oxford Union Society of Oxford College. (1923)
  • Emeline Cheney; Burlingame, Aldrich. The Story of the Life and Work of Oren Burbank Cheney, Founder and First President of Bates College. (1907) Online Version.

External links[]

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