Coal in Russia

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Coal is one of the largest sources of energy in Russia, accounting for 14.4% of the country's electricity consumption.^[1] The prominence of coal power in Russia has been declining since 1990, although Russia has among the largest coal reserves in the world.^[2] Russia is the fifth largest consumer of coal in the world and is the sixth largest producer of coal.^[3]

Coal reserves[]

Russia has the second largest coal reserves in the world, equaling 19% of the world's total. The total coal reserves in Russia amount to 173 billion tons.^[3] This puts Russia behind the United States in total coal reserves, which has 263 billion tons (see coal in the United States).^[4][5] Most of Russia's coal reserves are in the Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins.^[6]

Coal production[]

Russia is currently sixth in the world in terms of coal production. It produced 323 million tons of coal in 2009, roughly 4% of the world's total production.^[5][3] As the overall Russian economy shrank in the 1990s following the fall of the Soviet Union and transition to a market economy, coal production decreased as well, falling from a production of 425 million tons in 1988 to 232 million tons in 1998.

Coal production began to rise as the Russian economy rebounded following the 1998 financial crisis, but failed to reach Soviet-era production levels as it peaked at 329 million tons in 2008.^[4][5] Production once again declined with the effects from the 2008 global economic downturn and as world coal prices fell.^[7] Coal prices began to recover in 2010 and supported an almost 10 percent rise in Russian production until 2012. The trend continued even as world coal prices fell, as the devaluation of the ruble made Russian coal exports more competitive globally.^[7]

The major areas of coal production are the Donets, Moscow, Pechora, Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Irkutsk and South Yakutsk basins.^[6] Over two-thirds of coal produced in Russia is used domestically.^[4]

Coal consumption[]

Russia is self-sufficient in coal, and consumed 223 million tons of coal in 2009.^[4] The percentage of coal in Russian power generation has been declining since 1990, when it was 20.7%, due to increasing gas consumption as well as increasing nuclear and hydroelectric energy production.^[2] Currently only 14.4% of Russia's power is produced from coal.^[1]

Personal ranks and rank insignia[]

In 1947, personal ranks were introduced for the personnel of the coal industry and mining construction, as well as uniforms with rank insignia on the collar patches of [tunics, jackets, great coats, and summer blouses.^[11] The personal ranks were abolished in 1954, for the coal industry and mining construction, as well as for most other civilian departments and agencies.^[12]

	HIGHER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT STAFF
Collar patches
Personal ranks	Director general of the coal industry	Director general of mining, first class	Director general of mining, second class	Director general of mining, third class

	SENIOR ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT STAFF
Collar patches
Branch	Technical
Collar patches
Branch	Administrative
Collar patches
Branch	Government Mining Inspection
Personal ranks	Mining director	Mining director, first class	Mining director, second class	Mining director, third class

	MIDDLE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT STAFF
Collar patches
Branch	Technical
Collar patches
Branch	Government Mining Inspection
Personal ranks	Mining engineer, first class	Mining engineer, second class	Mining engineer, third class	Mining technician, first class	Mining technician, second class	Mining technician, third class

	JUNIOR ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT STAFF
Collar patches
Personal ranks	Junior mining technician	Senior mining master	Mining master, first grade	Mining mastern second grade

See also[]

• Climate change in Russia
• Energy policy of Russia
• Nuclear power in Russia
• Renewable energy in Russia

References[]