Coelodonta

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Coelodonta
Temporal range: 3.7–0.01 Ma
↓
 Pliocene - Pleistocene
Wooly Rhino15.jpg
The woolly rhinoceros, Coelodonta antiquitatis.
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Rhinocerotidae
Tribe: Dicerorhinini
Genus: †Coelodonta
Bronn, 1831
Type species
Coelodonta antiquitatis
(Blumenbach, 1799)
Species

Coelodonta (/koʊiloʊˈdɒntə/, from the Greek κοιλία, koilía and οδούς, odoús, "hollow tooth", in reference to the deep grooves of their molars) is an extinct genus of rhinoceros that lived in Eurasia between 3.7 million years to 10,000 years before the present, in the Pliocene and the Pleistocene epochs. It is best known from the type species, the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), which ranged throughout northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene. The earliest known species, Coelodonta thibetana, lived in Tibet during the Pliocene, with the genus spreading to the rest of Eurasia during the Pleistocene.

Species[]

Coelodonta antiquitatis MHNT
Skulls of Coelodonta species: from up to down, C. nihowanensis, C. tologoijensis and C. antiquitatis.

Species recognised as members of Coelodonta, according to Deng et al. (2011), include:

  • Coelodonta thibetana (Deng et al. 2011): The most primitive species of the genus, inhabited the Tibetan Plateau during the Pliocene.[1]
  • Coelodonta nihowanensis (Chow, 1978): A primitive species from northern China, it lived in the earliest Pleistocene.[1]
  • Coelodonta tologoijensis (Beliajeva, 1966): Appeared in northern China around 2 million years ago, spreading to Europe in the Middle Pleistocene, 470,000 years ago. It was probably the direct ancestor of the woolly rhinoceros.[2]
  • Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799): The type species of the genus, commonly known as the woolly rhinoceros. It lived in the steppes of northern Eurasia during the Late Pleistocene, and was the last living representative of the genus.

Phylogeny[]

The authors of the description of the species C. thibetana (Deng et al., 2011) proposed a cladogram to place phylogenetically their position in relation to other members of Rhinocerotidae, using the five extant species of rhinoceros and 13 extinct species. They found that Coelodonta was the sister taxon of the species Stephanorhinus hemitoechus.[1] A 2019 study based on a 1.78 million year old Stephanorhinus. sp dental proteome from Georgia suggested the paraphyly of Stephanorhinus.[3] Later DNA studies have found the woolly rhinoceros is closely related to Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis), with an estimated divergence 5.5 million years ago. These two species in turn are most closely related to the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) amongst living rhinoceros.[4]

Cladogram after Liu et al, 2021:[4]

 
Elasmotheriinae

†Elasmotherium

 
Rhinocerotinae
 
 

Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

 
 

White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)

 
 
 
 
 

Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

 
 

Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

 
 
 
 

Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)

 
 
 

† Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis)

 
 

† Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)

 
 
 
 
 
 

† denotes extinct taxa

References[]

  1. ^ a b c Deng, T.; Wang, X.; Fortelius, M.; Li, Q.; Wang, Y.; Tseng, Z.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Saylor, J.E.; Säilä, L.K.; Xie, G. (2011). "Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores". Science. 333 (6047): 1285–1288. doi:10.1126/science.1206594. PMID 21885780.
  2. ^ David Garcia Fernández & Juan Vicente i Castells. Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento de Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) de Brown Bank, Mar del Norte. Butll. Centre d'Est. Natura B-N. VII 13): 309-329 Sta. Coloma de Gramenet, 2008.PDF
  3. ^ Cappellini, Enrico; Welker, Frido; Pandolfi, Luca; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Samodova, Diana; Rüther, Patrick L.; Fotakis, Anna K.; Lyon, David; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Bukhsianidze, Maia; Rakownikow Jersie-Christensen, Rosa (October 2019). "Early Pleistocene enamel proteome from Dmanisi resolves Stephanorhinus phylogeny". Nature. 574 (7776): 103–107. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1555-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 6894936. PMID 31511700.
  4. ^ a b Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (24 August 2021). "Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family". Cell. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032. ISSN 0092-8674.

External links[]

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