Colorado Supreme Court

Colorado Supreme Court
The Colorado Supreme Court courtroom
Established	1876
Location	Denver
Composition method	Missouri plan with retention elections
Authorized by	Colorado State Constitution
Appeals to	Supreme Court of the United States
Judge term length	10 years
Number of positions	7
Website	Official site
Chief Justice
Currently	Brian Boatright
Since	January 1, 2021

The Colorado Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Colorado. Located in Denver, the Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices.

Powers and duties[]

Appellate jurisdiction[]

Discretionary appeals[]

The Court principally handles certiorari petitions. Certiorari petitions ask the Supreme Court to grant an additional review of a case. The primary review [appeal of right] was either done by:

• Colorado Court of Appeals in appeals from courts of general jurisdiction [District Courts], or
• Courts of general jurisdiction [District Courts] in appeals from courts of limited jurisdiction [County or Municipal Courts].

Only a small fraction of certiorari petitions are granted by the Colorado Supreme Court. From petitions filed in 2015 and 2016, only 6% of all cases were granted an additional review.^[1] It takes three of the seven justices to vote in favor of a certiorari petition for it to be granted.^[1]

Appeals of right[]

In addition, the Colorado Supreme Court has jurisdiction over direct appeals in cases where a trial court finds a law unconstitutional, in death penalty cases, in water law cases, in certain election cases, in interlocutory appeals (i.e., appeals in the middle of a case) in certain matters of exceptional importance for which an ordinary appeal is not a sufficient remedy, and in certain other cases.^[2]

Original jurisdiction and supervisory powers[]

The Colorado Supreme Court also has original jurisdiction over attorney discipline proceedings, over advisory questions presented by the state legislature or the state attorney general, and questions referred to it by the federal courts. Furthermore, the Colorado Supreme Court has general supervisory and budget authority over the judicial branch, the court rule making process, and the regulation of attorneys. Finally, the Colorado Supreme Court makes appointments to a number of boards and commissions, which often has the effect of providing a tie breaking member in situations where the other appointees are equally divided on partisan lines.

Membership[]

Current makeup[]

The current Colorado Supreme Court's membership, and the date each Justice was appointed, is as follows:

Justice	Born	Took office	Appointed by	Law school	Term up
Brian Boatright, Chief Justice	(1962-06-16) June 16, 1962 (age 59)	January 1, 2021[a]	John Hickenlooper (D)	Denver	2024
Monica Márquez	(1969-04-20) April 20, 1969 (age 52)	December 10, 2010	Bill Ritter (D)	Yale	2024
William W. Hood III	1963 (age 57–58)	January 13, 2014	John Hickenlooper (D)	Virginia	2026
Richard L. Gabriel	(1962-03-03) March 3, 1962 (age 59)	September 29, 2015	John Hickenlooper (D)	UPenn	2028
Melissa Hart	1969/1970 (age 51–52)	December 14, 2017	John Hickenlooper (D)	Harvard	2030
Carlos Samour	1965/1966 (age 54–56)	July 2, 2018	John Hickenlooper (D)	Denver	2030
Maria Berkenkotter	1962/1963 (age 57–58)	January 1, 2021	Jared Polis (D)	Denver	2024

Appointment process[]

When a vacancy on the court occurs, a commission established by the state constitution reviews submitted applications.^[4] The commission submits three names to the Governor. The Governor of Colorado then has 15 days to select the next justice from that list.

The justice selected serves a provisional two-year term before facing a retention election. The voters then chose whether to retain or not retain the justice. If the justice is retained, they go on to serve a full 10-year term before the next retention election.

If a justice is not retained, the appointment process starts again. However, no appellate judge has ever lost a retention election since the system was put in place in 1966. The Justices are not elected as partisan officials, although they are initially appointed by a partisan elected official.

In 2006, an effort to change this system of retaining judges by initiative was rejected by voters, in part due to a campaign against the initiative which had strong support from both Democratic and Republican members of the Colorado Bar Association.^[5]

The chief justice is selected by the justices from amongst themselves.

Yearly pay[]

The pay is set by the legislature in the yearly budget. The budget year in Colorado starts on July 1.

2019 – 2020^[6][]

• Chief Justice – $192,256
• Associate Justice – $188,151

2018 – 2019^[7][]

• Chief Justice – $186,656
• Associate Justice – $182,671

2017 – 2018^[7][]

• Chief Justice – $181,219
• Associate Justice – $177,350

2016[]

• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court earned $176,799 per year.^[8]

2006[]

• Chief Justice – $125,656
• Associate Justice -$122,972

Court building[]

While there is a chamber originally dedicated to the Colorado Supreme Court in the state capitol building, the Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals were located in their own building across the street from the state capitol from 1977 to 2010. In August 2010 the building was imploded to make way for a larger court building.^[9] Construction of the new building began in September 2010.^[10] That new building, dubbed the Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial Center, opened in early 2013. Named for a former governor of Colorado,^[11] the building is located at 2 East 14th Avenue in Denver.

The State Supreme Court Building was a box-like structure raised off the ground by two square columns located on the east and west ends of the building. The only parts of the building actually on the ground level were the columns, which contained the entrances and elevators for the building.

The underside of the building featured a 150-foot mural designed by Colorado artist Angelo di Benedetto. It depicted several notable figures, including Hammurabi, Moses and Martin Luther King Jr. The figures represented persons who are believed to have made significant contributions to law and justice. Directly beneath the mural was a large window embedded into the ground that looked down into the underground law library. Persons in the library were able to look up onto the mural via the ground level glass window.^[12] The mural was removed before the building was demolished, but its ultimate fate is uncertain.^[13]

The courtroom itself was located on the fifth floor of the building (the ground level columns being the first floor). The entrance to the courtroom consisted of two large brass colored metallic doors with a textured design on them. The courtroom was dimly lit with two stained glass windows depicting previous Supreme Court Justices. The well of the courtroom was circular, with a podium for counsel in the center. The podium was a circular column that resembled a container of lipstick that, unlike the rest of the courtroom, was well lit. It faced a semicircular bench with seats for seven justices. Behind the bench was a large drape through which the Justices entered the courtroom.

The former building was designed by John Rogers and RNL Design. See RNL Architecture.

The Ralph L. Carr Justice Center was designed by Fentress Architects. The judicial wing is four stories tall and contains the Supreme Court courtroom and chambers and Court of Appeals courtrooms. The justice center also includes an adjacent wing that is a twelve-story office tower containing the office of the State Attorney General as well as offices for other State agencies.^[14]

The new Justice Center is named for former Colorado Governor Ralph Lawrence Carr, who served from 1939 to 1943 and was noted for his opposition to Japanese American internment during World War II.^[15]

Publication of opinions[]

All opinions of the Colorado Supreme Court are published.^[16] Court opinions are initially released as slip opinions and posted on the court's website. They are ultimately published in Westlaw's Pacific Reporter, a regional case reporter that is the designated official reporter for the State of Colorado. Westlaw also publishes the state-specific Colorado Reporter, repeating all Colorado cases from the Pacific Reporter and reusing that reporter's pagination and citations. The Colorado Bar Association also publishes all Colorado Supreme Court opinions in its monthly journal, The Colorado Lawyer.^[17]

Between 1864 and 1980, the State published its own official reporter, Colorado Reports. Concurrent coverage in the Pacific Reporter began in 1883.^[18]

Notable cases[]

In re Ballot Title #3, 2019CO57.[]

• Facts: The Petitioners Hedges and Briggs brought a proposed Initiative that would repeal the Taxpayer's Bill of Rights (TABOR), Colorado Constitution Article X, Section 20.^[19] The Title Board found the initiative violated the Colorado constitution's single subject clause for a ballot initiative.^[20]
• Issue: Did the Title Board make a mistake in finding the ballot initiative is more than a single subject?^[21]
• Decision: Five of the seven justices found the Title Board did make a mistake. Justice Gabriel wrote the decision; Chief Justice Coats, and Justices Hood, Hart, and Samour join. Their reasons included:^[22]
  • 1. The initiative only has one objective, the repeal of TABOR. The subjects of the initiative are connected and its subject matter is properly connected.
  • 2. There is nothing in the initiative that could be read to hide something, or pose a risk of surprise on the voters.
  • 3. The initiative was written simply and plainly.
• Analysis: Prior case law, determining that the repeal of a constitutional provision with multiple subjects violates the single subject clause, is not controlling here for a few reasons:
  • 1. In re Proposed Initiative 1996-4, 916 P.2d 528, 533 (Colo. 1996) only mentioned this principal in dicta, meaning that holding was done as a hypothetical and was not in resolving the case at hand.^[23]
  • 2. All other cases citing that holding all referred back to the Proposed Initiative case without further analysis, or its analysis was again in dicta.^[24]
• Dissent: Justice Márquez writes a dissent and Justice Boatright joins.
• Holding: An initiative that repeals a constitutional provision with multiple subjects does not violate the constitution's single subject clause so long as it passes the standard single subject test:^[25]
  • 1. It effectuates one general objective or purpose;
  • 2. Does not treat incongruous subjects in the same measure;
  • 3. Comprises subject matter that is necessarily and properly connected;
  • 4. Contains nothing surreptitious or hidden; and
  • 5. Presents no risk of surprise or fraud on voters.

Colo. Oil & Gas v. Martinez, 2019CO3.[]

• Facts: The Respondents proposed a new rule to the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission in 2013. The rule required the commission to only grant new drilling if it would not impair the environment. The commission determined it did not have the statutory authority to grant such a rule. On review, the Denver District Court overruled the commission. The Court of Appeal's (Case 2016CA564) then over ruled the District Court and agreed with the Commission's decision.
• Issue: Did the Commission have the legal authority to approve the Respondent's proposed rule?
• Decision: The unanimous opinion was written by Justice Gabriel. It found three reasons the Commission's decision should stand.
  • 1. The Court has a limited role in reviewing a decision by the Commission not to implement a new rule.
  • 2. The new rule would run counter to the authority given to the Commission by the State Legislature.
  • 3. The Commission was already working with another agency to fix the concerns raised by the Respondents.
• Holding: The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeals' decision, reversed the Denver District Court's decision, and upheld the decision of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission.

Union of Taxpayers v. Aspen, 2018CO36.[]

• Facts: In 2012 the City of Aspen implemented a $.20 fee per bag at grocery stores. The city wanted to reduce waste and encourage citizens to bring reusable bags.
• Issue: The issue was whether the levy was a tax or a fee under the law. A tax requires voter approval under the TABOR amendment in the Colorado constitution.
• Decision: The majority opinion was written by Chief Justice Rice. She and Justices Márquez, Gabriel, and Hart determined the amount was a fee because it was not levied to raise money for the city and had a specific purpose for the funds.
• Dissent: Justices Coats, Boatright, and Hood dissented.
• Holding: The decision upheld the unanimous decision by the Colorado Court of Appeals, Union of Taxpayers v. Aspen, 2015COA162.

Romer v. Evans (1996)[]

• In 1992, Colorado voters approved an amendment to the state constitution, Amendment 2, which forbade any political subdivision within Colorado from taking any action to recognize homosexuals as a protected class of people. In 1993, a trial court issued a permanent injunction against the amendment, and the Colorado Supreme Court agreed, noting the amendment subject to "strict scrutiny" under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and remanded the case back to the trial court to find if it could withstand strict scrutiny. The trial court concluded it could not, and the Colorado Supreme Court once again agreed in a 2–1 decision. The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which affirmed the Colorado Supreme Court in a 6–3 decision, though by applying rational basis review instead.^[26]

Common-law same-sex marriage[]

In January 2021, the Colorado Supreme Court made a ruling to retroactively recognise common-law same-sex marriage.^[27]

See also[]

• List of justices of the Colorado Supreme Court

Notes[]

References[]

• Linz, Robert Michael (2010), Colorado Legal Research, Carolina Academic Press, ISBN 9781594607899

External links[]

• Colorado State Judicial Branch Homepage
• Justices of the Colorado Supreme Court

Coordinates: 39°44′17″N 104°59′12″W / 39.738136°N 104.986741°W / 39.738136; -104.986741