Comparison of orbital rocket engines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This page is an incomplete list of orbital rocket engine data.

Current and upcoming rocket engines[]

Engine Origin Designer Vehicle Status Use Propellant Power cycle Specific impulse (s)[a] Thrust (N)[a] Mass (kg) Thrust:​weight ratio[b] Chamber pressure (bar) Oxidiser:​fuel ratio
Aeon 1  USA Relativity Space Terran 1 Development 1st CH4 / LOX Gas generator 310 86,740 (SL)[1]
Aeon 1 Vacuum  USA Relativity Space Terran 1 Development 2nd CH4 / LOX Gas generator 360 100,085 (SL)[1]
AJ-10-190  USA Aerojet Space Shuttle, Orion Active Upper N2O4/MMH Pressure-fed 316[2] 26,689[2] 118[2] 23.08 8.62[2]
AJ-60A  USA Aerojet Atlas V Active Booster HTPB Solid fuel 275 1,270,000[3]
AR1  USA Aerojet Rocketdyne Beta (potential)[4] Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 2,200,000 (SL)[5] 2.72
BE-3  USA Blue Origin New Shepard Active 1st LH2 / LOX Combustion tap-off 490,000[6]
BE-3U  USA Blue Origin New Glenn Development 2nd LH2 / LOX Expander, open 710,000[6]
BE-4  USA Blue Origin New Glenn, Vulcan Development 1st Ch4 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 2,400,000[7][8] 134[9]
CE-20  India LPSC GSLV Mk III Active Upper LH2 / LOX Gas generator 443 200,000 588 34.7 60.00 5.05
CE-7.5  India LPSC GSLV Mk II Active Upper LH2 / LOX Staged 454[10] 73,500 445 16.85 58
 USA Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 327[11]
290 (SL) 		100,000[11] 2.62
 USA Development 2nd RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 365[11] 100,000[11] 2.62
GEM 63  USA Northrop Grumman Atlas V Active Booster HTPB Solid fuel 1,662,745[12] 44,225
GEM 63XL  USA Northrop Grumman Vulcan Development Booster HTPB Solid fuel 2,025,720[12] 47,990
 USA [13] Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 22,241 (SL)[14]
HM-7B  Europe Snecma Ariane 2, 3, 4, 5 ECA Active Upper LH2 / LOX Gas generator 446[15]
310 (SL)[16] 		64,800[15]
43,600 (SL)[16] 		165[15] 43.25 37[15] 5
 South Korea Icarus-N, -M, -S Development 1st LH2/paraffin N/A 150,000[17]
LE-5B  Japan Mitsubishi, JAXA H-IIA,
H-IIB 		Active Upper LH2 / LOX Gas generator 447[18] 137,000 269 51.93 36.0 5
LE-7A  Japan Mitsubishi, JAXA H-IIA,
H-IIB 		Active 1st LH2 / LOX Staged 438[19]
338 (SL)[19] 		1,098,000
870,000 (SL) 		1,800 62.2 121 5.9
Lightning 1  USA Firefly Aerospace Alpha Development 2nd RP-1 / LOX Combustion tap-off 322[20] 70,100[20]
Merlin 1D FT  USA SpaceX Falcon 9 B5, Heavy Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 311 914,000[21]
845,000 (SL)[21] 		470 194.5[21]
Merlin Vacuum 1D  USA SpaceX Falcon 9 B5, Heavy Active 2nd RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 348[22] 981,000[23] 2.36
M10  EU Avio Vega-E[24] Development Upper[24] CH4 / LOX[24] Expander, closed 362[24] 98,000[24] 3.4[24]
NewtonThree  USA Virgin Orbit LauncherOne Development Booster RP-1 / LOX Gas generator[25] 266,893[26]
NewtonFour  USA Virgin Orbit LauncherOne Development 2nd RP-1 / LOX Gas generator[27] 22,241[26]
NK-33A (AJ26-62),
11Д111 / 14Д15 		 Soviet Union JSC Kuznetsov Antares 100, Soyuz-2-1v Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 331[28]
297 (SL) 		1,680,000
1,510,000 (SL) 		1,222 136.8 145
P80  Europe Avio Vega Active 1st HTPB Solid fuel 280[29] 3,015,000[29] 96,000 with fuel 88
P120  Europe Avio Ariane 6,
Vega-C 		Development Booster, 1st HTPB Solid fuel 279[30] 4,650,000[30] 161,000 with fuel[30] 105
P230  Europe Avio Ariane 5 Active Booster HTPB Solid fuel 286[31]
259 (SL) 		6,996,000
5,860,000 (SL) 		269,000 with fuel[31] 69
S139  India SDSC PSLV Active 1st HTPB Solid fuel 269[32] 4,860,000 160,200
with fuel 		58
Raptor[33]  USA SpaceX Starship Development 1st, 2nd CH4 / LOX Staged, full-flow 350[34]
330 (SL) 		2,205,000 (SL, est.)[35] ~1,360 (goal)[36] ≥170 (goal)[36] 330[37] 3.6[38]
Raptor Vacuum[33]  USA SpaceX Starship Development 2nd CH4 / LOX Staged, full-flow 380+[39] 2,150,000[40] ~1,360 (goal)[36] ≤120 (goal)[36] 330[37] 3.6[38]
RD-0124,
14Д23 		 Russia KBKhA Soyuz-2.1b,
Soyuz-2-1v,
Angara 		Active 2nd, 3rd RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 359[41] 294,300 520 57.7 160
RD-0146D  Russia KBKhA Angara Development Upper LH2 / LOX Expander, closed 470[42] 68,600 59
RD-107A,
14Д22 		 Russia NPO Energomash Soyuz-FG, -2 Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 320.2[43]
263.3 (SL) 		1,019,892
839,449 (SL) 		1,090 78.53 61.2
RD-108A,
14Д21 		 Russia NPO Energomash Soyuz-FG, -2 Active 2nd RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 320.6[43]
257.7 (SL) 		921,825
792,377 (SL) 		1,075 75.16 55.5
RD-171M,[c] 11Д520  Russia NPO Energomash Soyuz-5, Zenit-2M, -3SL, -3SLB, -3SLBF Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 337.2[44]
309.5 (SL) 		7,904,160
7,256,921 (SL) 		9,300 79.57 250
RD-180  Russia NPO Energomash Atlas V, III Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 338.4[45]
311.9 (SL) 		4,152,136
3,826,555 (SL) 		5,480 71.2 261.7 2.72
RD-181  Russia NPO Energomash Antares 200 Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 339.2[46]
311.9 (SL) 		2,085,000
1,922,000 (SL) 		2,200 89 262.6
RD-191  Russia NPO Energomash Angara Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 337.5[47]
311.2 (SL) 		2,084,894
1,922,103 (SL) 		2,200 89.09 262.6
RD-193  Russia NPO Energomash Soyuz-2-1v Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 337.5[48]
311.2 (SL) 		2,084,894
1,922,103 (SL) 		1,900 103.15
RD-276,
14Д14М 		 Russia NPO Energomash Proton-M Active 1st N2O4 / UDMH Staged, oxidizer-rich 315.8[49]
288 (SL) 		1,831,882
1,671,053 (SL) 		1,120 171.2 168.5
RD-8,
11D513 		 Soviet Union Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Zenit Active 2nd vernier RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 342 78,450 356 77.47 2.4
RD-801  Ukraine Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Mayak Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 336 [50]
300.7 (SL) 		1,339,255
1,198,608 (SL) 		1,630 180 2.65
RD-809K  Ukraine Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Mayak Development Upper RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 352 [50] 98,067 330 2.62
RD-810  Ukraine Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Mayak, Zenit Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 335.5 [51]
299 (SL) 		2,104,890
1,876,149 (SL) 		2,800 180 2.65
RD-843  Ukraine Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Vega Active upper N2O4 / UDMH Pressure-fed 315.5 2,452 15.93 20.4 2.0
RD-861K  Ukraine Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Cyclone-4M Development 2nd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 330 [52] 77,629 207 2.41
RD-870  Ukraine Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Cyclone-4M Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 340 [53]
301.5 (SL) 		876,715
777,667 (SL) 		1,353 2.684
Reaver 1  USA Firefly Aerospace Alpha Development 1st RP-1 / LOX Combustion tap-off 295.6[20] 184,000[20]
RL-10A-4-2[54]  USA Aerojet Rocketdyne Atlas IIIB, V Active Upper LH2 / LOX Expander, closed 451 99,195 168 60.27 42 5.5
RL-10B-2[54]  USA Aerojet Rocketdyne Delta III, IV, SLS Active Upper LH2 / LOX Expander, closed 465.5 110,093 301 37.27 44 5.88
RL-10C-1[54]  USA Aerojet Rocketdyne Delta III, IV, SLS, Vulcan Active Upper LH2 / LOX Expander, closed 450 101,820 191 54.5 44 5.5
RS-25  USA Rocketdyne Space Shuttle, SLS Active 1st LH2 / LOX Staged, fuel-rich 452.3
366 (SL) 		2,279,000
1,860,000 (SL)[55] 		3,526 53.79 206.4
RS-68A[d]  USA Rocketdyne Delta IV, IV Heavy Active 1st LH2 / LOX Gas generator 411[56]
362 (SL) 		3,558,577
3,135,996 (SL) 		6,686 54.31 109 5.97
Rutherford  New Zealand  USA Rocket Lab Electron Active 1st RP-1 / LOX Electric pump 311 24,900
25,000 (SL) 		35[57] 72.8 (SL)
Rutherford Vacuum  New Zealand  USA Rocket Lab Electron Active 2nd RP-1 / LOX Electric pump 343 25,800[57]
S200  India SDSC GSLV Mk III Active Booster HTPB Solid fuel 274.5[58] 5,150,000[59][60][61] 207,000
with fuel[58]
SCE-200  India LPSC GSLV Mk III,
ULV 		Development Upper, main RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 335
299 (SL) 		2,030,000
1,820,000 (SL) 		2,700 180
SLS Solid Rocket Booster[e]  USA Orbital ATK SLS Development Booster PBAN Solid fuel 267 16,000,000 730,000
with fuel
SLV-1  India Godrej & Boyce PSLV Active Booster HTPB Solid fuel 253[62] 502,600 10,800
with fuel 		43
SRB-A3  Japan IHI Aerospace,
JAXA 		H-IIA,
H-IIB,
Epsilon 		Active Booster HTPB Solid fuel 283.6[63] 2,305,000
2,150,000 (SL) 		76,600
with fuel 		111
TEPREL  Spain PLD Space Miura 1, 5 Operational 1st RP-1 / LOX Pressure-fed 32,000 (SL)
TQ-12[64]  China Landspace Development 1st CH4 / LOX Gas generator 284 667,000 (SL) 101
Vikas (rocket engine)  India LPSC PSLV, GSLV, GSLV Mk III Active 2nd, main, booster N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 262 680,500–804,500
600,500–756,500 (SL) 		53.0–58.5
Vinci  Europe Snecma Ariane 6 Development Upper LH2 / LOX Expander, closed 467[65] 180,000 280 65.60 61
Vulcain 2  Europe Snecma Ariane 5 Active 1st LH2 / LOX Gas generator 429[66]
318 (SL)[67] 		1,359,000[66]
939,500 (SL)[67] 		1,800[66] 77.04 117.3[66]
YF-21B  China AALPT Long March 2E, 2F, 3 Active Booster, 1st N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 260.66 (SL)[68] 740,400 (SL)[68]
YF-21C  China AALPT Long March 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4B, 4C Active 1st N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 260.7 (SL)[68] 740,400 (SL)[68]
YF-25  China AALPT Long March 3B, 3C Active Booster N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 260.66 (SL)[68] 740,400 (SL)[68]
YF-22B  China AALPT Long March 2E, 2F Active 2nd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 298.0[68] 738,400
YF-22C  China AALPT Long March 2C, 2D, 4B, 4C Active 2nd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 298.0[68] 742,040
YF-22D  China AALPT Long March 3 Active 2nd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 298.0[68] 741,400
YF-22E  China AALPT Long March 3A, 3B, 3C Active 2nd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 298.0[68] 741,400
YF-40  China AALPT Long March 4B, 4C Active 3rd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 303 103,000
YF-50D  China AALPT Long March 3B, 3C, 5, 7 Active Upper N2O4 / UDMH Pressure-fed 315.5 6,500
YF-73  China AALPT Long March 3 Active 3rd LH2 / LOX Gas generator 420.0 44,150
YF-75  China AALPT Long March 3A, 3B, 3C Active 3rd LH2 / LOX Gas generator 438.0[68] 83,585
YF-75D  China AALPT Long March 5 Active 2nd LH2 / LOX Expander, closed 442.6 88,360 265 34 41 6.0
YF-77  China AALPT Long March 5 Active 1st LH2 / LOX Gas generator 430.1
320.1 (SL) 		700,000
518,000 (SL) 		1,054 50 102 5.5
 China AALPT Long March 9 Development 3rd LH2 / LOX Expander, closed 460.1 243,300 70 6.0
 China AALPT Long March 9 Development 2nd LH2 / LOX Staged, fuel-rich 454.3 2,300,000 4,674 50 183 5.5
YF-100  China AALPT Long March 7, 5 Active 1st RP-1/ LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 335
300(SL) 		1,340,000
1,200,000 (SL) 		1,912 64 180 2.6
YF-115  China AALPT Long March 6, 7 Active 2nd RP-1/ LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 341.5 176,500 120 2.5
 China AALPT Long March 9 Development 1st RP-1/ LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 309 4,800,000 6,118 80 220
Zefiro 9A  European Union Avio Vega Active 3rd HTPB Solid fuel 295.2[69] 314,000[69] 11,400 with fuel 75
Zefiro 23  European Union Avio Vega Active 2nd HTPB Solid fuel 287.5[70] 1,122,000[70] 25,935 with fuel 94
Zefiro 40  European Union Avio Vega Active 3rd HTPB Solid fuel 293.5[71] 1,304,000[71] 39,206 with fuel 115
 USA Astra Space Rocket 3.0[72] Active 1st RP-1/LOX[73] Electric pump 27,000[74]
 USA Astra Space Rocket 3.0[75] Active 2nd RP-1/LOX[73] Electric pump

Retired and canceled rocket engines[]

Engine Origin Designer Vehicle Use Propellant Power cycle Specific impulse (s)[a] Thrust (N)[a] Mass (kg) Thrust:​weight ratio[f] Chamber pressure (bar) Oxidiser:​fuel ratio
Aerojet M-1  USA Aerojet Nova ? 1st, 2nd? LH2 / LOX Gas generator 428 (SL) 6,670,000 9,068 60 ?
Aestus  Europe Airbus Defence and Space Ariane 5 G, G+, ES Upper N2O4 / MMH Pressure-fed 324[76] 30,000 111 27.6 11 1.9
Aestus II  Europe Airbus Defence and Space Ariane 5 Upper N2O4 / MMH Gas generator 340[77] 55,400 138 41.0 60 1.9
AJ-260-2 United States USA Aerojet S-I stage replacement (proposed) 1st PBAN Solid fuel 263 s 26,183,755 831,345, with fuel
F-1[g]  USA Rocketdyne Saturn V 1st RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 304
263 (SL) 		7,770,000
6,770,000 (SL) 		8,391 82.27 70 2.27
F-1A[h][78]  USA Rocketdyne 1st RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 303
270 (SL) 		8,989,000
8,007,000 (SL) 		9,015 90.6 80 2.27
Gamma 2  United Kingdom Bristol Siddeley Black Arrow 2nd RP-1 / H2O2 Staged, decomposition and combustion 265[79] 68,200 173 40.22 8
Gamma 8  United Kingdom Bristol Siddeley Black Arrow 1st RP-1 / H2O2 Staged, decomposition and combustion 265[80] 234,800 342 70.01 47.40 8
HM-7A  Europe Snecma Ariane 1 3rd LH2 / LOX Gas generator 443[81]
308 (SL) 		61,700 149 42.2 30 5
J-2  USA Rocketdyne Saturn V, IB 2nd, 3rd LH2 / LOX Gas generator 421[82]
200 (SL) 		1,033,100
486,200 (SL) 		1,438 73.18 30 5.5
J-2X  USA Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne SLS (proposed) Upper LH2 / LOX Gas generator 448[83] 1,310,000 2,470 58.41 95 5.5–4.5
Kestrel  USA SpaceX Falcon 1 Upper RP-1 / LOX Pressure fed 317 31,000 52 65 9.3
LE-5  Japan Mitsubishi, NASDA H-I Upper LH2 / LOX Gas generator 450[84] 103,000 245 42.87 36.0 5.5
LE-5A  Japan Mitsubishi, NASDA H-II Upper LH2 / LOX Expander, open 452[85] 121,500 242 51.19 40.0 5
LE-7  Japan Mitsubishi, NASDA H-II 1st LH2 / LOX Staged combustion 446[86] 1,078,000
843,500 (SL) 		1,714 64.13 127 5.9
Merlin 1D  USA SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 1st RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 311[87]
282 (SL)[87] 		723,000 470 158 97 2.34
Merlin Vacuum 1C  USA SpaceX Falcon 1, 9 2nd RP-1 / LOX Gas generator 336[88] 413,644[88] 92
RD-0120
11Д122 		 Soviet Union KBKhA Energia 1st LH2 / LOX Staged, fuel-rich 455[89] 1,962,000
1,526,000 (SL) 		3,450 57.80 219
RD-56 (KVD-1)
11Д56У 		 Russia KBKhM GSLV Mk I Upper LH2 / LOX Staged, fuel-rich 462[90] 69,626 282 25.17 55.9
RD-117
11Д511 		 Soviet Union NPO Energomash Soyuz-U 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, decomposition and combustion 316[91]
253 (SL) 		978,000
778,648 (SL) 		1,100 72.18 54.2
RD-118
11Д512 		 Soviet Union NPO Energomash Soyuz-U 2nd RP-1 / LOX Staged, decomposition and combustion 314[91]
257 (SL) 		1,000,278
818,855 (SL) 		1,100 75.91 59.7
RD-170[i]11Д521[92]  Soviet Union NPO Energomash Energia 1st RP-1 / LOX Staged, oxidizer-rich 337.2
309.5 (SL) 		7,904,160
7,256,921 (SL) 		9,300 79.57 250
RD-264
11Д119 		 Soviet Union NPO Energomash Dnepr 1st N2O4 / UDMH Staged, oxidizer-rich 318[93]
293 (SL) 		4,521,000 3,600 128.15 206
RD-275
14Д14 		 Russia NPO Energomash Proton-M 1st N2O4 / UDMH Staged, oxidizer-rich 316[94]
287 (SL) 		1,831,882
1,671,053 (SL) 		1,070 171.2 160.0
RD-854
8D612 		 Soviet Union Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash R-36ORB 3rd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator
RD-855
8D68M 		 Soviet Union Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Tsyklon-2, -3, R-36 1st vernier N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 328,000 320 65.70 1.97
RD-856
8D69M 		 Soviet Union Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Tsyklon-2, -3 (-4), R-36 2nd vernier N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 54,230 112.5 71.60 1.98
RD-861
11D25 		 Soviet Union Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash Tsyklon-2, -3 3rd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 78,710 123 88.8 2.1
RD-864
15D177 		 Soviet Union Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash R-36 (missile), Dnipro 3rd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 298–309 8,450–20,200 199 17–41 1.8
RD-869
15D300 		 Soviet Union Pivdenne/​Pivdenmash R-36M 3rd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 302.3–313 8,580–20,470 196 17–41 1.8
Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster[j]  USA Thiokol Space Shuttle, Ares I Booster PBAN / APCP Solid fuel 268 14,000,000
12,500,000 (SL) 		590,000
with fuel
SRB-A  Japan IHI Aerospace, JAXA H-IIA Booster HTPB Solid fuel 280[95] 2,250,000 76,400 with fuel
UA1207  USA United Technologies Titan IV Booster PBAN Solid fuel 272[96]
245 (SL) 		7,116,000
6,410,400 (SL) 		319,330
with fuel
Viking 2  Europe Snecma Ariane 1 1st N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 690,000
611,200 (SL) 		776 90.67
Viking 2B  Europe Snecma Ariane 2, 3 1st N2O4 / UH 25 Gas generator 643,000 (SL) 776 84.5
Viking 4  Europe Snecma Ariane 1 2nd N2O4 / UDMH Gas generator 713,000 826 88
Viking 4B  Europe Snecma Ariane 2, 3, 4 2nd N2O4 / UH 25 Gas generator 800,000 826 98.76
Viking 5C  Europe Snecma Ariane 4 1st N2O4 / UH 25 Gas generator 758,000
678,000 (SL) 		826 93.57
Viking 6  Europe Snecma Ariane 4 Booster N2O4 / UH 25 Gas generator 750,000 826 92.59
Vulcain
HM-60 		 Europe Snecma Ariane 5 1st LH2 / LOX Gas generator 439[97]
326 (SL)[98] 		1,113,000[97]
773,200 (SL)[98] 		1,300[98] 84.38 109[97]
Waxwing  United Kingdom Bristol Aerojet Black Arrow Upper Solid fuel 278[99]
245 (SL) 		29,400
25,900 (SL) 		87 34.48

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d At sea level if denoted SL, in vacuum otherwise
  2. ^ Weight is calculated at standard gravity.
  3. ^ Most powerful multi-chamber rocket engine in the world
  4. ^ Most powerful hydrogen-fueled engine in the world
  5. ^ Largest, most powerful solid-fuel rocket motor ever built
  6. ^ Weight is calculated at standard gravity.
  7. ^ Most powerful single-chamber liquid-fueled rocket engine ever developed
  8. ^ Tested but never flown
  9. ^ World's most powerful liquid fueled rocket engine
  10. ^ Largest solid-fuel rocket motor ever flown, and the first to be used for primary propulsion on human spaceflight missions

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Terran 1 Technical Specifications". Relativity. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "In-Space Product Data Sheets" (PDF). Aerojet Rocketdyne. September 13, 2019.
  3. ^ "Atlas V Solid Rocket Motor". Aerojet Rocketdyne. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
  4. ^ "Aerojet Rocketdyne and Firefly Aerospace to Provide Flexible Access to Space". Global Newswire (Press release). October 18, 2019.
  5. ^ "AR1 Engine". Aerojet Rocketdyne. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "BE-3". Blue Origin.
  7. ^ Ferster, Warren (September 17, 2014). "ULA To Invest in Blue Origin Engine as RD-180 Replacement". Space News. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  8. ^ "BE-4". Blue Origin. Archived from the original on September 17, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  9. ^ Berger, Eric (March 9, 2016). "Behind the curtain: Ars goes inside Blue Origin's secretive rocket factory". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  10. ^ "GSLV Launch Vehicle Information". Spaceflight101.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Engine-2". LAUNCHER. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "Developing Vulcan Centaur". ULA. April 4, 2019. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019.
  13. ^ "Generation Orbit - 9.28". TMRO. September 11, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2017 – via YouTube.
  14. ^ "The Engines". Ursa Major Technologies. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "HM-7 and HM-7B Rocket Engine - Thrust Chamber". Airbus Defence and Space. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Wade, Mark. "HM7-B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  17. ^ "innospacecorp on Twitter: "Very proud and excited as we get ready to test the world's largest LOx/Paraffin Hybrid rocket engine developed for a smallsat Launcher."". Twitter. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  18. ^ "LE-5B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b "LE-7A". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
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