Orion (spacecraft)

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This article is about the crewed spacecraft class. For the Apollo Lunar Module named Orion, see Apollo 16. For other uses, see Orion (disambiguation).

Orion
NASA's Orion spacecraft at Kennedy Space Center
The Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1, October 2020
Manufacturer
  • CM: Lockheed Martin
  • ESM: Airbus Defence and Space
OperatorNASA[1]
ApplicationsCrewed exploration beyond LEO[2]
Specifications
Spacecraft typeCrewed
Launch mass
  • CM: 22,900 lb (10,400 kg)
  • ESM: 34,085 lb (15,461 kg)
  • Total (with LAS): 73,735 lb (33,446 kg)
  • Injected lunar mass: 58,467 lb (26,520 kg)
Dry mass
  • CM: 20,500 lb (9,300 kg) landing weight
  • ESM: 13,635 lb (6,185 kg)
Payload capacity220 lb (100 kg) return payload
Crew capacity2–6[4]
Volume
  • Pressurized: 690.6 cu ft (20 m3)[5]
  • Habitable: 316 cu ft (9 m3)
PowerSolar
RegimeLunar Transfer Orbit, lunar orbit
Design life21.1 days[3]
Dimensions
Length10 feet 10 inches (3.30 m)
Diameter16 feet 6 inches (5.03 m)
Production
StatusIn production
On order6-12 (+3 ordered before 2019) [6]
Built4
Launched1
Maiden launchDecember 5, 2014
Related spacecraft
Derived from
  • Crew Exploration Vehicle
  • ATV
Orion Triangle Patch.svg

Orion (officially Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle or Orion MPCV) is a class of partially reusable space capsules to be used in NASA's human spaceflight programs. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of six beyond low Earth orbit, Orion can last up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. It is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines, and six pods of custom reaction control system engines developed by Airbus, provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Although compatible with other launch vehicles, Orion is primarily intended to launch atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower launch escape system.

Orion was originally conceived in the early 2000s by Lockheed Martin as a proposal for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to be used in NASA's Constellation program. Lockheed Martin's proposal defeated a competing proposal by Northrop Grumman and was selected by NASA in 2006 to be the CEV. Originally designed with a service module featuring a new "Orion Main Engine" and a pair of circular solar panels, the spacecraft was to be launched atop the Ares I rocket. Following the cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, Orion was heavily redesigned for use in NASA's Journey to Mars initiative; later named Moon to Mars. The SLS replaced the Ares I as Orion's primary launch vehicle, and the service module was replaced with a design based on the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle. A development version of Orion's CM was launched in 2014 during Exploration Flight Test-1, while at least four test articles have been produced. As of 2020, three flight-worthy Orion spacecraft are under construction, with an additional one ordered,[a] for use in NASA's Artemis program; the first of these is due to be launched in 2021 on Artemis 1. On November 30, 2020, it was reported that NASA and Lockheed Martin had found a failure with a component in one of the Orion spacecraft's power data units but NASA later clarified that it does not expect the issue to affect the Artemis 1 launch date.[9][10]

Spacecraft description[]

Component of Orion spacecraft
Crew module
Interactive 3D models of the spacecraft, with the spacecraft on the right in exploded view.
Interactive 3D models of Orion, with the spacecraft fully integrated on the left and in exploded view on the right.

Orion uses the same basic configuration as the Apollo command and service module (CSM) that first took astronauts to the Moon, but with an increased diameter, updated thermal protection system, and a host of other modern technologies. It will be capable of supporting long-duration deep space missions with up to 21 days of active crew time plus 6 months quiescent spacecraft life.[11] During the quiescent period crew life support would be provided by another module, such as the proposed Deep Space Habitat. The spacecraft's life support, propulsion, thermal protection, and avionics systems can be upgraded as new technologies become available.[12]

The Orion spacecraft includes both crew and service modules, a spacecraft adapter and an emergency launch abort system. The Orion's crew module is larger than Apollo's and can support more crew members for short or long-duration missions. The European service module propels and powers the spacecraft as well as storing oxygen and water for astronauts, Orion relies on solar energy rather than fuel cells which allow for longer missions.

Crew module (CM)[]

Interior of the Orion mock-up in October 2014
Interior of a mockup of the Orion crew module outfitted in the On-Orbit configuration that will be used in crewed missions
Testing of Orion's parachute system
Orion Crew Module Model (Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center)

The Orion crew module (CM) is a reusable transportation capsule that provides a habitat for the crew, provides storage for consumables and research instruments, and contains the docking port for crew transfers.[12][13][14] The crew module is the only part of the spacecraft that returns to Earth after each mission and is a 57.5° truncated cone shape with a blunt spherical aft end, 5.02 meters (16 ft 6 in) in diameter and 3.3 meters (10 ft 10 in) in length,[15] with a mass of about 8.5 metric tons (19,000 lb). It was manufactured by the Lockheed Martin Corporation at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans.[16][17] It will have 50% more volume than the Apollo capsule and will carry four to six astronauts.[18] After extensive study, NASA has selected the Avcoat ablator system for the Orion crew module. Avcoat, which is composed of silica fibers with a resin in a honeycomb made of fiberglass and phenolic resin, was formerly used on the Apollo missions and on the Space Shuttle orbiter for early flights.[19]

Orion's CM will use advanced technologies, including:

  • Glass cockpit digital control systems derived from those of the Boeing 787.[20]
  • An "autodock" feature, like those of Progress, the Automated Transfer Vehicle, and Dragon 2, with provision for the flight crew to take over in an emergency. Prior US spacecraft have all been docked by the crew.
  • Improved waste-management facilities, with a miniature camping-style toilet and the unisex "relief tube" used on the Space Shuttle.
  • A nitrogen/oxygen (N
    2    /O
    2    ) mixed atmosphere at either sea level (101.3 kPa or 14.69 psi) or reduced (55.2 to 70.3 kPa or 8.01 to 10.20 psi) pressure.
  • Far more advanced computers[clarification needed] than on prior crew vehicles.[citation needed]

The CM will be built of aluminium-lithium alloy. The reusable recovery parachutes will be based on the parachutes used on both the Apollo spacecraft and the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, and will be constructed of Nomex cloth. Water landings will be the exclusive means of recovery for the Orion CM.[21][22]

To allow Orion to mate with other vehicles, it will be equipped with the NASA Docking System. The spacecraft will employ a Launch Escape System (LES) along with a "Boost Protective Cover" (made of fiberglass), to protect the Orion CM from aerodynamic and impact stresses during the first 2+1⁄2 minutes of ascent. Its designers claim that the MPCV is designed to be 10 times safer during ascent and reentry than the Space Shuttle.[23] The CM is designed to be refurbished and reused. In addition, all of Orion's component parts have been designed to be as modular as possible, so that between the craft's first test flight in 2014 and its projected Mars voyage in the 2030s, the spacecraft can be upgraded as new technologies become available.[12]

As of 2019, the Spacecraft Atmospheric Monitor is planned to be used in the Orion CM.[24]

European Service Module (ESM)[]

Main article: European Service Module
Artist's concept of an Orion spacecraft including the European Service Module with Interim Cryogenic Upper Stage attached at the back

In May 2011 the ESA director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV).[25] On June 21, 2012, Airbus Defence and Space announced that they had been awarded two separate studies, each worth €6.5 million, to evaluate the possibilities of using technology and experience gained from ATV and Columbus related work for future missions. The first looked into the possible construction of a service module which would be used in tandem with the Orion CM.[26] The second examined the possible production of a versatile multi purpose orbital vehicle.[27]

On November 21, 2012, the ESA decided to develop an ATV-derived service module for Orion.[28] The service module is being manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen, Germany.[29] NASA announced on January 16, 2013, that the ESA service module will first fly on Artemis 1, the debut launch of the Space Launch System.[30]

Testing of the European service module began in February 2016, at the Space Power Facility.[31]

On February 16, 2017, a €200m contract was signed between Airbus and the European Space Agency for the production of a second European service module for use on the first crewed Orion flight, Artemis 2.[32]

On 26 October 2018 the first unit for Artemis 1 was assembled in full at Airbus Defence and Space's factory in Bremen.[33]

Launch Abort System (LAS)[]

See also: Orion abort modes

In the event of an emergency on the launch pad or during ascent, a Launch Abort System (LAS) will separate the crew module from the launch vehicle using three solid rocket motors: an abort motor (AM),[34] an attitude control motor (ACM), and a jettison motor (JM). The AM provides the thrust needed to accelerate the capsule, while the ACM is used to point the AM[35] and the jettison motor separates the LAS from the crew capsule.[36] On July 10, 2007, Orbital Sciences, the prime contractor for the LAS, awarded Alliant Techsystems (ATK) a $62.5 million sub-contract to "design, develop, produce, test and deliver the launch abort motor," which uses a "reverse flow" design.[37] On July 9, 2008, NASA announced that ATK had completed construction of a vertical test stand at a facility in Promontory, Utah to test launch abort motors for the Orion spacecraft.[38] Another long-time space motor contractor, Aerojet, was awarded the jettison motor design and development contract for the LAS. As of September 2008, Aerojet has, along with team members Orbital Sciences, Lockheed Martin and NASA, successfully demonstrated two full-scale test firings of the jettison motor. This motor is used on every flight, as it pulls the LAS tower away from the vehicle after both a successful launch and a launch abort.[39]

History[]

Transport of the Orion capsule before the first test (2013)

The Orion MPCV was announced by NASA on May 24, 2011.[40] Its design is based on the Crew Exploration Vehicle from the canceled Constellation program,[41] which had been a 2006 NASA contract award to Lockheed Martin.[42] The command module is being built by Lockheed Martin at the Michoud Assembly Facility,[43] while the Orion service module is being built by Airbus Defence and Space with funding from the European Space Agency.[30][44]The MPCV's first uncrewed test flight (EFT-1) was launched atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket on December 5, 2014, and lasted 4 hours and 24 minutes before landing at its target in the Pacific Ocean.[45][46][47][48]

Funding history and planning[]

For fiscal years 2006 through 2020, the Orion expended funding totaling $18,764 million in nominal dollars. This is equivalent to $21,477 million adjusting to 2020 dollars using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices.[49]

For fiscal year 2021, $1,401 million[50] was requested for the Orion program.

Fiscal year Funding (nominal, in $millions) Funding (In 2020 $, in $millions)[49] Line item name
2006 839.2 1,122.5 CEV[51]
2007 714.5 920.2 CEV[52]
2008 1,174.1 1,460.1 CEV[53]
2009 1,747.9 2,133.1 CEV[53]
2010 1,640 1,974.4 CEV[53]
2011 1,196.0 1,417.4 MPCV[54]
2012 1,200 1,406.7 Orion MPCV[55]
2013 1,138 1,314.3 Orion MPCV[56]
2014 1,197 1,355.8 Orion Program[57]
2015 1,190.2 1,321.5 Orion Program[58]
2016 1,270 1,390.9 Orion Program[59]
2017 1,350.0 1,451.4 Orion[60]
2018 1,350.0 1,416.9 Orion[61]
2019 1,350.0 1,385.2 Orion[50]
2020 1,406.7 1,406.7 Orion[62]
2021 1,406.7 1,406.7 Orion[63]
2006-2020 Total $18,764 Total $21,477

Excluded from the prior Orion costs are:

  1. Most costs "for production, operations, or sustainment of additional crew capsules, despite plans to use and possibly enhance this capsule after 2021";[64] production and operations contracts were awarded going into fiscal year 2020[65]
  2. Costs of the first service module and spare parts, which are provided by ESA[66] for the test flight of Orion (about US$1 billion)[67]
  3. Costs to assemble, integrate, prepare and launch the Orion and its launcher (funded under the NASA Ground Operations Project,[68] currently about $400M[69] per year)
  4. Costs of the launcher, the SLS, for the Orion spacecraft

For 2021 to 2025, NASA estimates[70] yearly budgets for Orion from $1.4 to $1.1 billion. In late 2015, the Orion program was assessed at a 70% confidence level for its first crewed flight by 2023.[71][72][73]

There are no NASA estimates for the Orion program recurring yearly costs once operational, for a certain flight rate per year, or for the resulting average costs per flight. However, a production and operations contract[74] awarded to Lockheed Martin in 2019 indicated NASA will pay the prime contractor $900M for the first three Orion capsules and $633M for the following three.[75] In 2016, the NASA manager of exploration systems development said that Orion, SLS, and supporting ground systems should cost "US$2 billion or less" annually.[76] NASA will not provide the cost per flight of Orion and SLS, with associate administrator William H. Gerstenmaier stating "costs must be derived from the data and are not directly available. This was done by design to lower NASA's expenditures" in 2017.[77]

Ground test articles, mockups, and boilerplates[]

NASA and DoD personnel familiarize themselves with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) Orion mock-up in a test pool at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division in Potomac, Md.
The Orion Drop Test Article during a test on February 29, 2012
Test article being airlifted to the Pad Abort-1 flight test.
  • Space Vehicle Mockup Facility (SVMF) in Johnson Space Center, includes a full-scale Orion capsule mock-up for astronaut training.[78]
  • MLAS An Orion boilerplate was used in the MLAS test launch.
  • Ares-I-X The Orion Mass Simulator was used on the Ares I-X flight test.
  • Pad Abort 1 An Orion boilerplate was used for the Pad Abort 1 flight test, the LAS was fully functional, the boilerplate was recovered
  • Ascent Abort-2 An Orion boilerplate was used for the Ascent Abort 2 flight test, the LAS was fully functional, the boilerplate was discarded
  • The Boilerplate Test Article (BTA) underwent splashdown testing at the Langley Research Center. This same test article has been modified to support Orion Recovery Testing in stationary and underway recovery tests.[79] The BTA contains over 150 sensors to gather data on its test drops.[80] Testing of the 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) mockup ran from July 2011 to January 6, 2012.[81]
  • The Ground Test Article (GTA) stack, located at Lockheed Martin in Denver, is undergoing vibration testing.[82] It is made up by the Orion Ground Test Vehicle (GTV) combined with its Launch Abort System (LAS). Further testing will see the addition of service module simulator panels and Thermal Protection System (TPS) to the GTA stack.[83]
  • The Drop Test Article (DTA), also known as the Drop Test Vehicle (DTV) underwent test drops at the US Army's Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona from an altitude of 25,000 feet (7,600 m).[83] Testing began in 2007. Drogue chutes deploy around 20,000 and 15,000 feet (6,100 and 4,600 m). Testing of the staged parachutes includes the partial opening and complete failure of one of the three main parachutes. With only two chutes deployed the DTA lands at 33 feet per second (10 m/s), the maximum touchdown speed for Orion's design.[84] The drop test program has had several failures in 2007, 2008, and 2010,[85] resulting in new DTV being constructed. The landing parachute set is known as the Capsule Parachute Assembly System (CPAS).[86] With all parachutes functional, a landing speed of 17 mph (27 km/h) was achieved.[87] A third test vehicle, the PCDTV3, was successfully tested in a drop on April 17, 2012.[88]

Variants[]

Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)[]

Main article: Crew Exploration Vehicle

Orion CEV design as of 2009.

The idea for a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) was announced on January 14, 2004, as part of the Vision for Space Exploration after the Space Shuttle Columbia accident.[89] The CEV effectively replaced the conceptual Orbital Space Plane (OSP), a proposed replacement for the Space Shuttle. A design competition was held, and the winner was the proposal from a consortium led by Lockheed Martin. It was later named "Orion" after the stellar constellation and mythical hunter of the same name,[90] and became part of the Constellation program under NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe.

Constellation proposed using the Orion CEV in both crew and cargo variants to support the International Space Station and as a crew vehicle for a return to the Moon. The crew/command module was originally intended to land on solid ground on the US west coast using airbags but later changed to ocean splashdown, while a service module was included for life support and propulsion.[21] With a diameter of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) as opposed to 3.9 meters (12 ft 10 in), the Orion CEV would have provided 2.5 times greater volume than the Apollo CM.[91] The service module was originally planned to use liquid methane (LCH4) as its fuel, but switched to hypergolic propellants due to the infancy of oxygen/methane-powered rocket technologies and the goal of launching the Orion CEV by 2012.[92][93][94]

The Orion CEV was to be launched on the Ares I rocket to low Earth orbit, where it would rendezvous with the Altair lunar lander launched on a heavy-lift Ares V launch vehicle for lunar missions.

Environmental testing[]

NASA performed environmental testing of Orion from 2007 to 2011 at the Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The Center's Space Power Facility is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber.[95]

Launch abort system (LAS) testing[]

Orion LAS test assembled at NASA Research Center

ATK Aerospace successfully completed the first Orion Launch Abort System (LAS) test on November 20, 2008. The LAS motor could provide 500,000 lbf (2,200 kN) of thrust in case an emergency situation should arise on the launch pad or during the first 300,000 feet (91 km) of the rocket's climb to orbit.[96]

On March 2, 2009, a full size, full weight command module mockup (pathfinder) began its journey from the Langley Research Center to the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, for at-gantry launch vehicle assembly training and for LAS testing.[97] On May 10, 2010, NASA successfully executed the LAS PAD-Abort-1 test at White Sands New Mexico, launching a boilerplate (mock-up) Orion capsule to an altitude of approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The test used three solid-fuel rocket motors – the main thrust motor, an attitude control motor and the jettison motor.[98]

Splashdown recovery testing[]

In 2009, during the Constellation phase of the program, the Post-landing Orion Recovery Test (PORT) was designed to determine and evaluate methods of crew rescue and what kind of motions the astronaut crew could expect after landing, including conditions outside the capsule for the recovery team. The evaluation process supported NASA's design of landing recovery operations including equipment, ship and crew needs.

The PORT Test used a full-scale boilerplate (mock-up) of NASA's Orion crew module and was tested in water under simulated and real weather conditions. Tests began March 23, 2009, with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) boilerplate in a test pool. Full sea testing ran April 6–30, 2009, at various locations off the coast of NASA's Kennedy Space Center with media coverage.[99]

Cancellation of Constellation program[]

Artist's conception of Orion (as then-designed) in lunar orbit.

On May 7, 2009, the Obama administration enlisted the Augustine Commission to perform a full independent review of the ongoing NASA space exploration program. The commission found the then-current Constellation Program to be woefully under-budgeted with significant cost overruns, behind schedule by four years or more in several essential components, and unlikely to be capable of meeting any of its scheduled goals.[100][101] As a consequence, the commission recommended a significant re-allocation of goals and resources. As one of the many outcomes based on these recommendations, on October 11, 2010, the Constellation program was canceled, ending development of the Altair, Ares I, and Ares V. The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle survived the cancellation and was transferred to be launched on the Space Launch System.[102]

Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)[]

The Orion development program was restructured from three different versions of the Orion capsule, each for a different task,[103] to the development of the MPCV as a single version capable of performing multiple tasks.[5] On December 5, 2014, a developmental Orion spacecraft was successfully launched into space and retrieved at sea after splashdown on the Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1).[104][105]

Orion splashdown recovery testing[]

Before EFT-1 in December 2014, several preparatory vehicle recovery tests were performed, which continued the "crawl, walk, run" approach established by PORT. The "crawl" phase was performed August 12–16, 2013, with the Stationary Recovery Test (SRT).[citation needed] The Stationary Recovery Test demonstrated the recovery hardware and techniques that were to be employed for the recovery of the Orion crew module in the protected waters of Naval Station Norfolk utilizing the LPD-17 type USS Arlington as the recovery ship.[106]

The "walk" and "run" phases were performed with the Underway Recovery Test (URT). Also utilizing an LPD 17 class ship, the URT was performed in more realistic sea conditions off the coast of California in early 2014 to prepare the US Navy / NASA team for recovering the Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1) Orion crew module. The URT tests completed the pre-launch test phase of the Orion recovery system.[citation needed]

EFT-1

Orion Lite[]

History[]

Orion Lite is an unofficial name used in the media for a lightweight crew capsule proposed by Bigelow Aerospace in collaboration with Lockheed Martin. It was to be based on the Orion spacecraft that Lockheed Martin was developing for NASA. It would be a lighter, less capable and cheaper version of the full Orion.[107]

The intention of designing Orion Lite would be to provide a stripped-down version of the Orion that would be available for missions to the International Space Station earlier than the more capable Orion, which is designed for longer duration missions to the Moon and Mars.[108]

Bigelow had begun working with Lockheed Martin in 2004. A few years later Bigelow signed a million-dollar contract to develop "an Orion mockup, an Orion Lite",[109] in 2009.[107]

The proposed collaboration between Bigelow and Lockheed Martin on the Orion Lite spacecraft has ended.[when?] Bigelow began work with Boeing on a similar capsule, the CST-100, which has no Orion heritage, and was selected under NASA's Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program to transport crew to the ISS.[citation needed]

Design[]

Orion Lite's primary mission would be to transport crew to the International Space Station, or to private space stations such as the planned B330 from Bigelow Aerospace. While Orion Lite would have the same exterior dimensions as the Orion, there would be no need for the deep space infrastructure present in the Orion configuration. As such, the Orion Lite would be able to support larger crews of around 7 people as the result of greater habitable interior volume and the reduced weight of equipment needed to support an exclusively low-Earth-orbit configuration.[110]

Recovery[]

In order to reduce the weight of Orion Lite, the more durable heat shield of the Orion would be replaced with a lighter weight heat shield designed to support the lower temperatures of Earth atmospheric re-entry from low Earth orbit. Additionally, the current proposal calls for a mid-air retrieval, wherein another aircraft captures the descending Orion Lite module.[citation needed] To date, such a retrieval method has not been employed for crewed spacecraft, although it has been used with satellites.[111]

Flights[]

MLAS[]

Main article: Max Launch Abort System

MLAS was a test flight of the Max Launch Abort System (MLAS).

Ares I-X[]

Main article: Ares I-X

Ares I-X was a test flight of the Ares rocket. It was launched in 2009 shortly after the program was canceled.

Pad Abort-1[]

Main article: Pad Abort-1

Pad Abort-1 (PA-1) was a flight test of the Orion Launch Abort System (LAS).

Liftoff sequence and space entry of Orion on December 5, 2014

Exploration Flight Test-1[]

Main article: Exploration Flight Test-1

At 7:05 AM EST on December 5, 2014, the Orion capsule was launched atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket for its first test flight, and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean about 4.5 hours later. Although it was not crewed, the two-orbit flight was NASA's first launch of a human-rated vehicle since the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011. Orion reached an altitude of 3,600 mi (5,800 km) and speeds of up to 20,000 mph (8,900 m/s) on a flight that tested Orion's heat shield, parachutes, jettisoning components, and on-board computers.[112] Orion was recovered by USS Anchorage and brought to San Diego, California, for its return to Kennedy Space Center in Florida.[113]

Ascent Abort-2[]

Main article: Ascent Abort-2

Ascent Abort-2 (AA-2) was a test of the Launch Abort System (LAS) of NASA's Orion spacecraft.

The test followed Orion's Pad Abort-1 test in 2010, and Exploration Flight Test-1 in 2014 in which the capsule first flew in space. It precedes an uncrewed flight of Orion around the Moon as the Artemis 1 mission and paves the way for human use of Orion in subsequent missions of the Artemis program.

The test flight, which had been subject to several delays during Orion development, took place on July 2, 2019 at 07:00 local time (11:00 UTC). The flight was successful, and the launch abort system performed as designed.[114][115]

Orion development test flights
Mission Patch Launch Crew Launch vehicle Outcome Duration
MLAS
  • 8 July 2009 10:26 UTC
  • Wallops Flight Facility
 N/A MLAS Success 57 seconds
Ares I-X
  • 28 October 2009 15:30 UTC
  • Kennedy LC-39B
 N/A Ares I-X Success ~6 minutes
Pad Abort-1
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orion_Pad_Abort_1.png
  • 6 May 2010
  • White Sands LC-32E
 N/A Orion Launch Abort System (LAS) Success 95 seconds
Exploration Flight Test-1
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exploration_Flight_Test-1_insignia.png
  • 5 December 2014, 12:05 UTC
  • Cape Canaveral SLC-37
 N/A
  • Delta IV Heavy
  • (Delta 369)
 Success 4 hours 24 minutes
Ascent Abort-2
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascent_Abort-2.png
  • 2 July 2019, 11:00 UTC
  • Cape Canaveral SLC-46
 N/A Orion Abort Test Booster Success 3 minutes 13 seconds
Artist's concept of an astronaut on an EVA taking samples from a captured asteroid, with Orion in the background

Canceled Asteroid Redirect Mission[]

Main article: Asteroid Redirect Mission

The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM), also known as the Asteroid Retrieval and Utilization (ARU) mission and the Asteroid Initiative, was a space mission proposed by NASA in 2013. The Asteroid Retrieval Robotic Mission (ARRM) spacecraft would rendezvous with a large near-Earth asteroid and use robotic arms with anchoring grippers to retrieve a 4-meter boulder from the asteroid. A secondary objective was to develop the required technology to bring a small near-Earth asteroid into lunar orbit – "the asteroid was a bonus." There, it could be analyzed by the crew of the Orion EM-5 or EM-6 ARCM mission in 2026.[116]

Orion approaching the Gateway during Artemis 3

Upcoming Missions[]

Main article: Artemis program

As of 2021, all Orion missions will be launched on the Space Launch System from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B. All full-scale flights will be into deep space with the first uncrewed flight of Artemis 1 entering a lunar orbit and the first crewed flight Artemis 2 going on a lunar flyby. Artemis 1 is planned to launch in 2021; however, in July 2016 a Government Accountability Office report cast doubt on the planned initial launch date and suggested that an early date may be counterproductive to the program.[117]

List of Artemis program missions
Mission Patch Launch date Crew Launch vehicle Duration
Artemis I Exploration Mission-1 patch.png November 26, 2021 N/A SLS Block 1 Crew ~25d
Artemis II June 2023 TBA SLS Block 1 Crew ~10d
Artemis III September 2024 TBA SLS Block 1 Crew ~30d

Proposed[]

A proposal curated by William H. Gerstenmaier before his 10 July 2019 reassignment[118] suggests four launches the crewed Orion spacecraft and logistical modules aboard the SLS Block 1B to the Gateway between 2024 and 2028.[119][120] The crewed Artemis 4 through 7 would launch yearly between 2025 and 2028,[121] testing in situ resource utilization and nuclear power on the lunar surface with a partially reusable lander. Artemis 7 would deliver in 2028 a crew of four astronauts to a surface lunar outpost known as the Lunar Surface Asset.[121] The Lunar Surface Asset would be launched by an undetermined launcher[121] and would be used for extended crewed lunar surface missions.[121][122][123][124] Another repair mission to the Hubble Space Telescope is also possible.[125]

Proposed missions
Mission Launch date Crew Launch vehicle Duration
Artemis IV March 2026 TBA SLS Block 1B Crew ~30d
Artemis V 2026 TBA SLS Block 1B Crew ~30d
Artemis VI 2027 TBA SLS Block 1B Crew ~30d
Artemis VII 2028 TBA SLS Block 1B Crew ~30d
Artist rendering of the Orion CEV docked to a proposed Mars Transfer Vehicle

Potential Mars missions[]

Further information: Human mission to Mars

The Orion capsule is designed to support future missions to send astronauts to Mars, probably to take place in the 2030s. Since the Orion capsule provides only about 2.25 m3 (79 cu ft) of living space per crew member,[126] the use of an additional Deep Space Habitat module featuring propulsion will be needed for long-duration missions. The complete spacecraft stack is known as the Deep Space Transport.[127] The habitat module will provide additional space and supplies, as well as facilitate spacecraft maintenance, mission communications, exercise, training, and personal recreation.[128] Some concepts for DSH modules would provide approximately 70.0 m3 (2,472 cu ft) of living space per crew member,[128] though the DSH module is in its early conceptual stage. DSH sizes and configurations may vary slightly, depending on crew and mission needs.[129] The mission may launch in the mid-2030s or late-2030s.[130]

List of vehicles[]

Image Serial Status Flights Time in flight Notes Cat.
Orion Ground Test Article (GTA).jpg GTA Active 0 None Ground Test Article, used in ground tests of the Orion crew module design with mock service modules.[131][132] Commons-logo.svg
Unknown Retired 1 57s Boilerplate used in the July 2009 test launch of the Max Launch Abort System; did not have a service module.
CM/LAS Expended 1 ~6m Boilerplate used in Ares I-X launch; did not have a service module.
Orion Crew Module for the Orion Launch Abort System Pad Abort-1 Flight Test is Tilted on Jacks DVIDS754395.jpg Unknown Retired 1 2m, 15s Boilerplate used in Pad Abort-1; did not have a service module.[133][134] Commons-logo.svg
EFT-1 Orion recovery.5.jpg 001 Retired 1 4h, 24m, 46s Vehicle used in Exploration Flight Test-1. First Orion to fly in space; did not have a service module.[135][136] Commons-logo.svg
Orion STA 2018.jpg STA Active 0 None Structural Test Article, used in structural testing of the complete Orion spacecraft design.[citation needed] Commons-logo.svg
KSC-20181206-PH KLS01 0009 AA-2 Mock Crew Module Arrival.jpg Unknown Expended 1 3m, 13s Boilerplate used in Ascent Abort-2; did not have a service module. Intentionally destroyed during the flight.[137][138] Commons-logo.svg
Artemis 1 Orion ready for encapsulation.jpg 002 Active 0 None Vehicle to be used in Artemis 1.[136][139] Commons-logo.svg
A2 CM cleanroom integration.jpg 003 Under construction 0 None Vehicle to be used in Artemis 2. First Orion planned to carry crew.[139] Commons-logo.svg
Artemis 3 pressure vessel complete.jpg 004 Under construction 0 None Vehicle to be used in Artemis 3.[139] Pressure vessel completed at Michoud in August 2021.[140] Commons-logo.svg
  Test vehicle   Spaceflight vehicle

See also[]

  • List of crewed spacecraft – Wikipedia list article
  • NASA Authorization Act of 2010
  • Space capsule – Type of spacecraft
  • Space policy of the Barack Obama administration

References[]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ^ NASA has ordered two additional CMs from Lockheed Martin,[7] though as of the 2019 ESA Ministerial Council, only one additional ESM has been ordered by ESA from Airbus Defence and Space.[8]
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  130. ^ [1]
  131. ^ Kremer, Ken (March 30, 2010). "3 Welds to Go for 1st Orion Pathfinder Vehicle". Universe Today. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ...the very first pathfinder Orion manned capsule – the Crew Module – known as the Ground Test Article (GTA) [...] The GTA is the first full-sized, flight-like test article for Orion.
  132. ^ Bergin, Chris (November 14, 2011). "EFT-1 Orion receives hatch door – Denver Orion ready for Modal Testing". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. As much as the Service Module (SM) design is still undergoing evaluation – which includes discussions about utilizing hardware from the European Space Agency's ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle) – the test vehicle includes an Orion Ground Test Article (GTA), in a Launch Abort Vehicle (LAV) configuration, with installed ogives and a mock SM.
  133. ^ Dryden Flight Research Center (May 6, 2010). "Orion Pad Abort 1 Test a Spectacular Success". National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. The 500,000-lb. thrust abort motor rocketed the boilerplate crew module and its launch abort stack away from launch pad 32E at White Sands...
  134. ^ Pearlman, Robert (May 7, 2010). "NASA's Launch Abort Test Builds on 50 Years of Astronaut Escape Systems". Space.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. The Pad Abort-1 (PA1) flight test, which flew a boilerplate 16-foot (4.9-meter) wide, 18,000-pound (8,160-kg) Orion capsule under a nearly 45-foot (13.7-meter)long launch abort system (LAS) tower [...] The flight lasted about 135 seconds from launch until the module touched down...
  135. ^ Dunn, Marcia (December 6, 2014). "NASA launches new Orion spacecraft and new era (w/ video)". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. Friday's Orion — serial number 001 — lacked seats, cockpit displays and life-support equipment, but brought along bundles of toys and memorabilia...
  136. ^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Jason (December 5, 2014). "Orion Returns to Earth after Successful Test Flight". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. As impressive as this flight was, this was just serial number 001 of Orion," he said. "Serial number 002—that one is going to be on the Space Launch System.
  137. ^ Clark, Stephen (July 1, 2019). "Critical abort test of NASA's Orion crew capsule set for Tuesday". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. "So 20 seconds after the LAS (launch abort system) jettisons from the crew module, we start ejecting, so the first pair comes out 20 seconds after the LAS is jettisoned, and then every 10 seconds until all 12 are ejected." The capsule is expected to tumble after the abort system jettisons, and it will impact the sea at 300 mph (480 kilometers per hour) around 7 miles (11 kilometers) offshore, and is designed to sink to the ocean floor, according to Reed.
  138. ^ Sloss, Philip (October 25, 2019). "NASA conducting data deep dive following July's Orion ascent abort test". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. The Ascent Abort-2 test used a ballistic missile to accelerate a production-design LAS with a Crew Module shaped, highly-instrumented test lab to carefully picked flight condition where a full LAS abort sequence was executed. [...] impact with the water destroyed the test article.
  139. ^ Jump up to: a b c Vuong, Zen (December 3, 2014). "JPL joins NASA's first agency-wide social media event to highlight Thursday's Orion flight test". Pasadena Star-News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. Orion 002, 003 and 004 will become lessons that will further humanity in its quest to inhabit Mars and become Earth-independent. [...] "Orion tail number 003 has a special place in my heart," he said. "Four of my astronauts are going to climb into it and have an adventure of a lifetime...
  140. ^ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/next-generation-of-orion-spacecraft-in-production-for-future-artemis-missions

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