Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians
Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians has been campaigned for since 1910, including having an Indigenous voice to parliament enshrined in the Constitution.[1]
1958: FCAATSI[]
From its formation in Adelaide in February 1958, the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement, the first united national Aboriginal advocacy group, began a campaign to change the Constitution. Their efforts culminated the yes vote in the 1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals), which changed the Constitution to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in population counts, and allowed Federal Parliament to legislate specifically for this group.[2]
1995: ATSIC report[]
In February 1995, the Recognition, Rights and Reform report by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) stated that constitutional reform was a priority, finding massive support for recognising Indigenous Australians in the Constitution.[2]
On 16 October 2007, Prime Minister John Howard promised to hold a referendum on constitutional recognition, and Labor leader Kevin Rudd gave bipartisan support. On 8 November 2010 Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced plans for a referendum on the issue.[2]
2012: Expert panel[]
In 2010, the federal government established an Expert Panel to inquire into changing the federal Constitution so that Australia's Indigenous peoples would be recognised in it. After wide-ranging consultation and receiving thousands of submissions, the panel delivered its report titled Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution to Prime Minister Julia Gillard on 19 January 2012.[1][3] The report recommends the removal of Constitution sections 25 and 51(xxvi), and the insertion of new sections 51A, 116A and 127A:
Section 51A Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
- Recognising that the continent and its islands now known as Australia were first occupied by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
- Acknowledging the continuing relationship of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with their traditional lands and waters;
- Respecting the continuing cultures, languages and heritage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
- Acknowledging the need to secure the advancement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
- the Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Section 116A Prohibition of racial discrimination
- (1) The Commonwealth, a State or a Territory shall not discriminate on the grounds of race, colour or ethnic or national origin.
- (2) Subsection (1) does not preclude the making of laws or measures for the purpose of overcoming disadvantage, ameliorating the effects of past discrimination, or protecting the cultures, languages or heritage of any group.
Section 127A Recognition of languages
- (1) The national language of the Commonwealth of Australia is English.
- (2) The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are the original Australian languages, a part of our national heritage.[1]:p xviii
The panel recommended that there be a single referendum, in which removal of s 51(xxvi) and insertion of the new s 51A would be proposed together, so that the validity of legislation that depends upon s 51(xxvi), such as the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), would switch immediately from s 51(xxvi) to s 51A.[1]:p xviii The panel sought a referendum process that will be nationally unifying and not divisive, with an eventual level of public support similar to that in 1967.[1]:pp xvii & xix To that end, it proposed that the referendum be preceded by "a properly resourced public education and awareness program" and "should only proceed when it is likely to be supported by all major political parties, and a majority of State governments". If the federal government were to prefer different changes, the panel advised, it should return to consultation with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.[1]:p xix
On 12 March 2013, with all-party support, the federal parliament passed the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013, which recognised the Indigenous peoples of Australia and required the establishment of a committee to advise on a suitable date for a referendum on these proposals.[4] The process was to have been completed within two years, with a sunset provision ending the force of the Act on 28 March 2015, but provision was made to make it self-repealing 28 Mar 2018.[5]
Reconciliation Australia ran a successful awareness-raising campaign on the need to change the Constitution between 2012 and 2017, when federal funding ceased.[6]
2015: Joint Select Committee[]
A Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples was established in 2013 to consider the recommendations of the Expert Panel report and delivered its report in June 2015.[7]
2015: Referendum Council[]
On 7 December 2015, a Referendum Council, with 16 Indigenous and non-Indigenous members, was established to advise the Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Leader of the Opposition Bill Shorten on progress toward a referendum. It built on extensive work by the Expert Panel and the Joint Select Committee.[8] It conducted national consultations which continued through the second half of 2016,[9] and published a discussion paper about five key proposals in October 2016.[10] The Recognition Council used a deliberative process which included six months of regional dialogues which resulted in a collective report of what constitutional recognition meant to aboriginal people.[11]
The Uluru Statement from the Heart was the culmination of a national Indigenous public consultation process in May 2017 at the First Nations National Constitutional Convention held at Uluru .[2] It proposed constitutional reform on three points: voice, truth, and treaty.[12] It was a deeply considered statement recommending deliberate structural reform, setting out three steps to achieve this, in a way that recognises First Nations sovereignty and overcomes their current powerlessness.[13] The main proposals of the Uluru Statement were:[12]
- a national representative body with the power to advise parliament on laws that affect Indigenous peoples (Voice); and
- a "Makarrata Commission" to supervise a process of agreement-making (Treaty) between governments and First Nations and undertake a public truth-telling process (Truth) about Australia's history.
The final report released on 30 June 2017 by the Referendum Council was largely supportive of the Uluru Statement. The majority of the council recommended that a referendum be held to change the Constitution to establish an "Indigenous voice to parliament". The first recommendation of the Final Report of the Referendum Council recommended:[14]
That a referendum be held to provide in the Australian Constitution for a representative body that gives Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander First Nations a Voice to the Commonwealth Parliament. One of the specific functions of such a body, to be set out in legislation outside the Constitution, should include the function of monitoring the use of the heads of power in section 51 (xxvi) and section 122. The body will recognise the status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the first peoples of Australia.
The council commented but did not recommend the establishment of a Makarrata Commission, which was outside its terms of reference.[15]
There was little debate in the media after the release of the Referendum Council's report. On 26 October 2017, the Turnbull government released a media statement that largely rejected the major proposals. It said that a Indigenous national representative body would "inevitably become seen as a third chamber of Parliament" and would not be supported by the majority of Australians. The next step would be a Joint Select Committee to consider the recommendations of the existing bodies of work developed over the previous decade to develop a different set of constitutional amendments which would be acceptable to all.[16]
2018: Joint Select Committee[]
The Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples was appointed in March 2018, co-chaired by Senator Patrick Dodson and Julian Leeser MP and comprising six Lower House and four Upper House representatives. It presented its final report on 29 November 2018. There first two recommendations in the report have a possible bearing on constitutional change:[17]
- In order to achieve a design for The Voice that best suits the needs and aspirations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, the Committee recommends that the Australian Government initiate a process of co-design with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
- The Committee recommends that, following a process of co-design, the Australian Government consider, in a deliberate and timely manner, legislative, executive and constitutional options to establish The Voice.
2019: Indigenous voice to government[]
An Indigenous voice to government via a "co-design process" was set in train by the establishment of the Senior Advisory Group (SAG), announced by Minister for Indigenous Australians Ken Wyatt in October 2019.[18] The Morrison government has said it would run a referendum during its present term about recognising Indigenous people in the Constitution "should a consensus be reached and should it be likely to succeed”.[19] The National Indigenous Australians Agency (NIAA) website states: "The Australian Government is committed to recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians in the Constitution".[20] In his Closing the Gap speech in February 2020, Prime Minister Morrison reinforced the work of the Referendum Council, rejecting the idea of merely symbolic recognition, supporting a Voice co-designed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, "using the language of listening and empowerment". The Labor Party has supported a Voice enshrined in the Constitution for a long time.[21]
Challenges[]
The question of how exactly to bring about constitutional change remains a topic of debate among Indigenous leaders, foreseeing difficulties in securing widespread support in a referendum. According to Marcia Langton (now co-chair of the Senior Advisory Group), "for such a national agreement to be achieved, there must be some mutually pressing reason related to security or economic issues for both parties to abide by the terms".[22]
The Australian Human Rights Commission supports recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in a preamble to the Constitution.[23]
The call for a treaty is related to constitutional recognition of prior ownership of the land, as it reinforces the symbolic recognition of sovereignty of the original owners: a treaty is "a contract between two sovereign parties".[24] As of 2020, a number of Indigenous treaties in Australia are under way at state level.[25]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians (January 2012). Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution : Report of the Expert Panel (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN 9781921975295. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chrysanthos, Natassia (27 May 2019). "What is the Uluru Statement from the Heart?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
- ^ "Push to recognise indigenous Australians in constitution". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 (Cth), retrieved 3 November 2020
- ^ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Recognise Campaign Successful in Raising Awareness". Reconciliation Australia. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Role of the Committee - Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 2015". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ "Get the facts". Referendum Council. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. (See here.)
- ^ Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. "Referendum Council". Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- ^ "Discussion paper". Referendum Council. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017.
- ^ "Communique – 25 November 2016". Department of the Prime Minister and Cobinet. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Uluru Statement from the Heart – Referendum Council" (PDF). Referendum Council. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Appleby, Gabrielle (24 July 2020). "The Uluru statement is not a vague idea of 'being heard' but deliberate structural reform". The Conversation. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ Referendum Council (30 June 2017). Final Report of the Referendum Council (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN 978-1-925362-57-2. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
- ^ "Response to Referendum Council report suggests a narrow path forward on Indigenous constitutional reform". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ "Response to Referendum Council's report on Constitutional Recognition". Attorney General Dept. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (November 2018). Final report. Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN 978-1-74366-926-6. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
...licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Australia License.
PDF - ^ "A voice for Indigenous Australians". Ministers Media Centre. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ Grattan, Michelle (29 October 2019). "Proposed Indigenous 'voice' will be to government rather than to parliament". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ "Constitutional Recognition". National Indigenous Australians Agency. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ Davis, Megan (17 February 2020). "Constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians must involve structural change, not mere symbolism". The Conversation. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ Langton, Marcia (8 July 2019). "Australia's moral legitimacy depends on recognising Indigenous sovereignty". ABC Religion & Ethics. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ "About Constitutional Recognition". Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ "The lack of treaty:Getting to the heart of the issue". Australians Together. 29 May 2000. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ Hobbs, Harry (19 December 2016). "Will treaties with Indigenous Australians overtake constitutional recognition?". The Conversation. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- Indigenous Australian politics
- Constitution of Australia