Cross of Peñalba

Cross of Peñalba

The Cross of Peñalba is a 10th-century votive cross given by Ramiro II of Leon to Genadio of Astorga, abbot of the monastery of Santiago de Peñalba, in gratitude for the assistance of St James in the Battle of Simancas in 939 against Abd-ar-Rahman III.

Bibliography[]

García Gómez, Emilio (1950). Una Crónica anónima de Abd al-Rahman III al-Nasir. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 978-84-00-00271-8
Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (1969). León y su historia: miscelánea histórica. Tomo I. Centro de Estudios e Investigación San Isidoro/Patronato José María Cuadrado. ISBN 978-84-87667-56-5
Grau Lobo, Luis A. (1993). Cruz votiva de Santiago de Peñalba. Instituto de Estudios Bercianos/Museo de León.
Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1998). Ramiro II, rey de León. La Olmeda. ISBN 978-84-89915-01-5
Menéndez Pidal, Marcelino (2011). Historia de España. El Buey Mudo. ISBN 978-84-938040-9-1

References[]

v Crux gemmata
Form of cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.
6th–9th century	Cross of Justin II Cross of the Angels Cross of Gisulf Cross of Desiderius Treasure of Guarrazar Ardennes Cross
10th century	Victory Cross Cross of Otto and Mathilde Cross of Lothair Cross of Peñalba
11th century	Cross of Mathilde Essen cross with large enamels Imperial Cross Cross of Theophanu
12th century	Cross of Cong Cross of Adelheid

v t Christian cross variants
In modern use	Alcoraz Anchored/Saint Clement Anuradhapura Archangels Archiepiscopal Armenian Arrow/Barby Balkenkreuz Bolnisi Bottony Branch Bulgarian Burgundy Byzantine Calvary Canterbury Catherine wheel Celtic Cercelée Coptic Crosslet Fitchy Crucifix Cruciform halo Double Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelists Fleury Fitchy Forked Fourchy Fylfot Globus cruciger Gnostic Grapevine/Saint Nino Greek Greek Orthodox Huguenot Iron Jeremiah Jerusalem/Crusaders Variant Jerusalem (Kingdom) Latin/Roman Macedonian Maltese Marada Marian Maronite Moline Nordic Novgorod Occitan Order of Christ Papal Patonce Pattée Fitchée Patriarchal Pommy Portate/Saint Gilbert Potent Quadrate Resistance Ringed Russian Russian Orthodox Salem Saltire/Saint Andrew Saint Chad Saint David Saint Florian Saint George Saint James/Santiago Saint John Saint Patrick Saint Peter Saint Philip Saint Piran Saint Thomas Serbian Serbian Orthodox Short Sword Syriac (Eastern) Syriac (Western) Tau/Saint Anthony
Historical	Avellane Aviz Black Blanc croix rouge Brigid Carolingian Caucasian Albanian Chouan Consecration Coptic Coptic (Early) Crown Cuthbert's pectoral Engrailed Erminée Gammadion Jewelled Katanga Lazarus Lorraine Neith Nestorian Peñalba Pierced Quarterly Saint Julian Templar Teutonic Order Two-barred Victory Voided
By function	Altar Blessing Conciliation Heraldry Nordic Pisan High Market Mercat Memorial Mission Monumental Necklace Pectoral Plague Preaching Processional Rood/Triumphal cross Summit Wayside
Christograms, Chrismons	Chi Rho Christogram IX monogram Labarum Signum manus Staurogram/Monogrammatic/Tau Rho
See also	Ankh Armenian eternity sign Ichthys Irminsul Kolovrat Lauburu Mjölnir Rose Rota Solomon's knot Scientology Shamrock Shield of the Trinity Sunwheel swastika Sun Swastika Triskelion/Triskele Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
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