Cycnorhamphus

Cycnorhamphus Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 152 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Juvenile specimen
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:	†Ctenochasmatoidea
Family:	†Gallodactylidae
Genus:	†Cycnorhamphus Seeley, 1870
Species:	†C. suevicus
Binomial name
†Cycnorhamphus suevicus (Quenstedt, 1855)
Synonyms
Genus synonymy Gallodactylus Fabre, 1974 Species synonymy Pterodactylus wuerttembergicus Quenstedt, 1854 (nomen oblitum) Pterodactylus suevicus Quenstedt, 1855 Pterodactylus eurychirus Wagner, 1857 Pterodactylus (Ornithocephalus) eurychirus (Wagner, 1857) Pterodactylus suevicus eurychirus (Wagner, 1857) Gallodactylus canjuersensis Fabre, 1974

Cycnorhamphus (meaning "swan beak") is a genus of gallodactylid ctenochasmatoid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic period of France and Germany, about 152 million years ago.^[1] It is probably synonymous with the genus Gallodactylus.

History[]

In 1855, a fossil in a plate of shale from the Kimmeridgian, found near Nusplingen in Württemberg, holotype GPIT "Orig. Quenstedt 1855, Taf. 1" or GPIT 80, was named Pterodactylus Suevicus by Friedrich August Quenstedt.^[2][3][4] Quenstedt had earlier mentioned the find in a letter to Professor Heinrich Georg Bronn, which was published in 1854. In it he used the name Pterodactylus Württembergicus.^[5] In 1855 and 1858, Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer adopted this older species name^[6] but it would be forgotten afterwards. The publication in 1854 was not meant to be a nomenclatural act.^[7] According to Peter Wellnhofer, Pterodactylus württembergicus should be considered a nomen oblitum.^[8]

In 1858, Johann Andreas Wagner described a second specimen consisting of the wings, a shinbone and a foot. He named it Pterodactylus (Ornithocephalus) eurychirus, "the broad-handed", but later in the same publication used the name Pterodactylus suevicus eurychirus as if it were a subspecies.^[9] This is today considered a junior synonym. The specimen was acquired by the Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie but was lost in April 1944 during the Munich bombardment.^[8]

In 1870, Harry Govier Seeley assigned P. suevicus to a new genus: Cycnorhamphus.^[10] The name is derived from Greek κύκνος, kyknos, "swan" and ράμφος, ramphos, "beak", in reference to the snout shape. The type species of this genus is Pterodactylus suevicus, the combinatio nova is Cycnorhamphus suevicus.

In 1907 however, rejected this split, an opinion then shared by most paleontologists. In 1974, Jacques Fabre, when concluding that a new species found and named by him, Gallodactylus canjuersensis, was the same genus as P. suevicus, did not revive Cycnorhamphus, but judged that the latter name was unavailable because of mistakes in the diagnosis by Seeley. P. suevicus thus became Gallodactylus suevicus. However, in 1996, Christopher Bennett pointed out that such mistakes do not invalidate a name and that therefore Cycnorhamphus has priority, making Gallodactylus canjuersensis C. canjuersensis.^[4] In 2010 and 2012, Bennett published further re-studies of the fossils, concluding that the differences between the two species could be explained by age, sex or individual variation, and formally synonymized C. canjuersensis and C. suevicus.^[7]

Description[]

Skull of the "Painten Pelican", Burgmeister Muller Museum

Cycnorhamphus had historically been assumed to have had long jaws with teeth at the very tip, akin to those of Pterodactylus antiquus. However, recent work on a specimen nicknamed "The Painten Pelican"^[7] has revealed that the animal possesses a very unusual jaw anatomy, with peg-like teeth at the jaw tips - blunter and stouter in older individuals -, jaw curvatures behind said teeth that form angled arcs away from the biting surface, forming thus an opening, and two poorly understood soft tissue structures occupying this opening from the upper jaw, showing mineralization. The purpose of these adaptations is unknown,^[11] but they are more obvious and well developed in adult animals. It has been speculated that the jaws functioned similar to those of openbill storks, allowing the animal to hold hard invertebrates like mollusks and either crush or bisect them.^[12]

Classification[]

Skeletal diagram

As illustrated below, the results of a topology are based on a phylogenetic analysis made by Longrich, Martill, and Andres in 2018. They placed the Cycnorhamphus within the clade Euctenochasmatia, more precisely within the family Gallodactylidae, sister taxon to Normannognathus.^[13]

See also[]

• List of pterosaur genera
• Timeline of pterosaur research

References[]