Découvertes Gallimard

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Découvertes Gallimard
Découvertes Gallimard, séries avec des codes couleurs.jpg
Découvertes Gallimard & Abrams Discoveries & New Horizons.jpg
Four titles from the collection, first row from left to right — Les feux de la Terre : Histoires de volcans, L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil, Tous les jardins du monde and Figures de l'héraldique; and their English editions published in the corresponding American and British series — Abrams Discoveries (second row) and New Horizons (third row), respectively.
Edited byPierre Marchand, , Paule du Bouchet
Translator, Paul G. Bahn, et al.
Illustrator,  [fr], for pré-générique only (first 2 volumes), et al.
Cover artistDavid Roberts, , et al.
CountryFrance
LanguageFrench; some titles originally published in Dutch, English, German and Italian
GenreEncyclopaedia, humanities
PublisherFR: Éditions Gallimard
UK: Thames & Hudson
US: Harry N. Abrams
Published1986–present
Published in EnglishUK & US: 1992–2008[1][2][3]
Media typePrint (paperback) & e-book for iPad
No. of books700+ (including spin-offs)
107 (UK edition)
111 (US edition) (List of books)
OCLC638040265
Websitewww.decouvertes-gallimard.com

Découvertes Gallimard (French: [dekuvɛʁt ɡalimaːʁ], lit. 'Gallimard Discoveries'; in United Kingdom: New Horizons, in United States: Abrams Discoveries) is an editorial collection of illustrated monographic books published by the Éditions Gallimard. The books are concise introductions to particular subjects, intended for a general audience but written by experts.[4]

The collection was created by Pierre Marchand, made in the style of  [fr] and printed in pocket format. The first volume À la recherche de l'Égypte oubliée (UK & US editions: The Search for Ancient Egypt) appeared on 21 November 1986, written by the French Egyptologist Jean Vercoutter.[5] These scholarly little books then released in successive volumes, without a systematic plan, each of which is structured like a separate book (see monographic series). There were 588 titles by November 2012,[6] with more than 160 volumes of spin-offs and catalogues as of 2021.

Overview[]

The Sky: Order and Chaos
pp. 40–41: the signs of the zodiac, miniatures from a book of hours.
pp. 80–81: all types of comets (cometography), illustrations from Theatrum Cometicum by Stanisław Lubieniecki.

The first pocket-sized encyclopaedia illustrated in colours.
(La première encyclopédie illustrée en couleurs au format de poche.)[7]

The A6 paper size (125 × 178 mm) is used for these "mini" books and printed on thick and glossy coated paper, lavishly decorated with full colour illustrations, from which leap two or three images per page. In this picture-dense format, the authors must squeeze their words in edgewise. Each book is composed of a monograph and focused on a particular topic, the whole collection covers all areas of human knowledge and experience,[8] such as archaeology, art, culture, civilisation, history, music, religion, science, et cetera, with 502 specialists' contributions.[4] They usually use timelines and historical perspective to describe a subject,[9] for example, the 26th title Le ciel, ordre et désordre[10] (UK ed. The Sky: Order and Chaos), which narrated in chronological order to present the varied subjects relating to the sky above and peoples' perception of it, through historical vision of cultural, social and religious aspects. Most of the titles follow the same method, therefore, history is the essential element of perspective for this work.

The captions for illustrations must be informative, they should not duplicate information in the body text, nor do they interrupt the narrative thread. Researchers and academics must adhere to the constraints of a mainstream collection. Apart from obvious analytical abilities, authors are asked to write quality text and a sensitivity to illustration. A "Découvertes" is not a book of authorship, the author is only one of the many speakers.[11] , director of the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, author of two volumes of Histoire du livre ('History of Book', № 321 and № 363), and co-author of the 88th title La Bibliothèque nationale de France : Mémoire de l'avenir, explains his experience of working for the collection: "For an author, to write a Découvertes title is to be trapped, to put oneself in a situation of being obliged to go beyond his/her own formulation."[12]

Book spines
"Découvertes Gallimard", the original edition.
"Abrams Discoveries", the U.S. edition.
Certain international editions of the first volume À la recherche de l'Égypte oubliée. From left to right, first row: American, British, German and Taiwanese editions; second row: Hispanic American, Russian, Romanian and Japanese editions. Editions in the first row sharing identical cover design with Gallimard, whereas those in the second row being redesigned, and the rest which are not mentioned here also following Gallimard's design framework.

The cover design is one of the specificities. The old covers are glossy with black background illustrated in colour, the newer covers are matt-laminated rather than glossy,[13] but more colourful, with different colour codes according to the areas.[note 1] It differs from other nonfiction books by its visual: a full-size image, with its framing and the power of figurative elements, also an image that is well-matched to inside page layout, with a tiny, relevant image illustrating the spine. The visual identity is strong, one can even easily recognise different language editions of Découvertes books. However, there are some exceptions, for instance, the Barcelonese publisher Ediciones B adopted a completely different cover design for their collection Biblioteca de bolsillo CLAVES.

The "trailers"
"Trailer" (pp. 2–3) for Claude Moatti's The Search for Ancient Rome. Painting by Louis Duc, 1830.
"Trailer" (pp. 6–7) for Claude Moatti's The Search for Ancient Rome. Painting by  [fr], 1866.

Each title has around 128–224 pages with approximately 120–220 illustrations printed in four, five, six, or seven colours, both matte and glitter, and sometimes even gold, as in the 39th title Richard Wagner : L'opéra de la fin du monde,[11] the metallic gold heightens Carl Otto Czeschka's illustrations from Die Nibelungen. Each book opens with 8–10 full-page illustrations or photographs, prefaced by a pull-quote on the inside front cove, which Thames & Hudson director Jamie Camplin calls it a "cinema-influenced trailer"[1] (designated as pré-générique in French). For the 96th title Champollion : Un scribe pour l'Égypte, this book opens with a succession of reproductions of Champollion's manuscript Grammaire égyptienne; in L'Europe des Celtes[note 2] (№ 158), the reader is greeted by a series of bronze masks and hoary faces carved in stone;[1] the "trailer" for La Saga de l'espace (№ 3) evokes the tragic launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986; while that of La Tour de Monsieur Eiffel (№ 62) presents the Eiffel Tower at every stage of its construction.

Inside page view of Jerome Charyn's New York : Chronique d'une ville sauvage ('New York: Chronicle of a Wild City'), the 204th title of "Découvertes" collection. As an example of layout.

The novelty lies in the subtle orchestration of the text and the illustration, where successive sequences, inserts and foldouts overlapping in double pages.[4] According to the subject, the body text (mentioned as corpus in French) is structured into three to eight chapters, consisting of 64 (in the case of the 333rd title Enquête sur Sherlock Holmes) to 128 pages (most of the titles). Each chapter is built using journalistic methods, with a lead paragraph and intertitle. The corpus is punctuated by double-page spreads of images, known as inserts, sort of a halt for pictures. For the 124th title La peur du loup ('Fear of Wolves'), two double-page spreads of reproductions of Gustave Doré's engravings to illustrate Little Red Riding Hood. These books benefit a lot from journalistic and cinematographic techniques, some titles include panoramic foldouts, kind of projection on big screen. Two foldouts in the 16th title Pompéi, la cité ensevelie,[note 3] one showing Léon Jaussely's reconstruction of the forum of Pompeii, the other representing the actual condition of the theatre quarter in 1859 by using 's drawings, both in a panoramic view. In the 369th title Le papier : Une aventure au quotidien ('The Paper: A Daily Adventure'), through a partnership with paper companies, there are even three luxurious foldouts that all made on different papers from Arjo Wiggins, presenting one of the 17th century watercolours on the traditional manufacture of Chinese paper; the other of the engravings and drawings by Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci; the third depicts today's paper production line with its different machines.[11]

The second part of each book, the "Documents" section (Témoignages et Documents), unlike the corpus, this part is always printed in black and white. It works as an anthology, providing more detailed documentary information and historical records. This contains files made jointly by the author and the publisher, with lead paragraph to link texts and short captions for each file. According to the subject, an annex concludes "Documents" section with a chronology, a filmography, a discography or a bibliography, with a "List of Illustrations" (Table des illustrations) giving full details of the sources of illustrations, an alphabetical index, as well as photo credits, dedicated to those who want a further research. Découvertes also stands out for its attention to detail. On the choice of typeface, for example, Trump Mediaeval is used for common text, ITC Franklin Gothic for titling, Zapf Dingbats for guillemets, italic for captions with an initial and the last line is underlined, et cetera. The French editions are printed by Kapp Lahure Jombart in Évreux, while the Italian printer Gianni Stavro, who has largely contributed to the elaboration of new techniques used in the collection, retains his position as collaborator for international reissues and coeditions. The bindings are solid, sewn and not glued.[11] Gallimard promised readers "the most beautiful pocket collection in the world" (« la plus belle collection de poche du monde »).[14]

The collection formerly consisted of 18 series—Archéologie, Architecture, Art de vivre, Cinéma, Histoire, Histoires naturelles, Invention du monde, Littérature, Mémoire des lieux, Musique et danse, Peinture, Philosophie, Religions, Sciences, Sculpture, Sports et jeux, Techniques and Traditions—which have been abandoned, it is now organised around 7 major areas: Arts, Archéologie, Histoire, Littératures, Religions, Culture et société and Sciences et techniques.

History[]

Logo of Découvertes Gallimard, appearing on the back cover and book spine, including "Hors série" and some international editions.

Découvertes Gallimard was born in Gallimard Jeunesse, based on an idea by Pierre Marchand after the publications of two pocket collections: Découvertes Cadet in 1983 and Découvertes Benjamin in 1984. These three Découvertes collections cater to three levels: grades 4 to 6 (Découvertes Benjamin), grades 7 to 9 (Découvertes Cadet), and grades 10 and up (Découvertes Gallimard).[15] This pocket encyclopaedia initially named Les Chemins de la connaissance ('The Paths of Knowledge'), Pierre Marchand already had the idea when he entered Gallimard in 1972, as he explains: "I have invested fourteen years of my professional life in this collection. Thanks to the success of Livres dont vous êtes le héros that we were able to embark on this adventure [...] For the first time, genuine encyclopaedias in pocket format [...] Our bet is that once you open the book, no matter what subject you read or which page you are on, you can no longer close it."[16] Françoise Balibar, , Jean-Pierre Verdet, and some others were the first to experience this pharaonic project that would await the arrival of and Paule du Bouchet, in 1981, for truly to take shape.[17] To produce genuine encyclopaedias in pocket format and fully illustrated in colours, in that time, many judged such an editorial project insane.[11] However, the collection was created in 1986 and directed by Élisabeth de Farcy. She chose authors and organised iconographic campaigns, several editors and iconographers were then gathered, copious "iconographies" (illustrations) were extracted from heritage resources. Élisabeth explained in an interview with La Croix: "The image should occupy a central place, as in a work of art."[18] The authors were sceptical about this project at first, even contemptuous, but they are eventually fascinated by the collection. Some have even authored several works, such as Françoise Cachin, curator of the Musée d'Orsay, author of three books – Gauguin : « Ce malgré moi de sauvage »[note 4] (№ 49), Seurat : Le rêve de l'art-science (№ 108), Manet : « J'ai fait ce que j'ai vu »[note 5] (№ 203); or , who wrote four titles – Galilée : Le messager des étoiles (№ 10), Comment la Terre devint ronde (№ 52), Newton et la mécanique céleste[note 6] (№ 91) and Le palais de la Découverte (№ 195).[11]

A preview edition, or "zero edition" (numéro zéro) was sent to 500 booksellers during the summer of 1986,[11] and officially released on 21 November of the same year. The first twelve titles, twenty-five thousand copies of each volume were printed.[19] "We've never seen so many things between the first and last pages of a book" is the slogan proposed by Pascal Manry's advertising agency for the launch of the collection. Without market research at the start, Pierre Marchand, a self-taught man, explained on the television programme  [fr]: "This project was as old as my thirst for knowledge. No doubt it is necessary to be precisely self-taught to sense the importance of an encyclopaedia. We must have been forced to build our own culture, to seek reliable references, to make clear statements. To conceive Découvertes, I didn't need market research, surveys or tests. Right from the start, I wanted to give the public the books I needed."[20] Although the Découvertes was constituted for youth at the beginning, it was launched for the general adult public in 1986.[21] The collection then had a rapid-growth, 105 titles (volumes) appeared in five years. It acrossed borders for the first time with the Spanish co-publisher  [es] in 1989, and 19 countries will finally be associated with it.[4] In 1992, after 151 titles have been published, Gallimard showed interest in the work on mermaid and Siren (De lokroep van de zeemeermin[22][23]) by  [nl], a Belgian Dutch-language writer. Nevertheless, the Parisian publishing house hesitated: "Interesting subject, but how can you illustrate that?" Then De Donder showed a list of about one thousand images that he gathered over years, Gallimard was convinced and made him the first non-French-language author in this collection.[24]

The heyday of the collection were at the turn of the 1990s, the authors are mainly recruited from academics and curators. Numerous monographs of artists were often published on the occasions of major exhibitions, with a predilection for painters and musicians. Such as the 165th title Matisse : « Une splendeur inouïe »[note 7] was released for the exhibition "Henri Matisse 1904–1917" at the Centre Georges Pompidou in 1993;[11] and Geneviève Haroche-Bouzinac's Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (from "Hors série") was on sale at the exhibit of Vigée Le Brun's paintings in New York City at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[25] Or reactivity in relation to current events, for instance, the 161st title Sang pour sang, le réveil des vampires[26][note 8] was published in 1992 for the release of Francis Coppola's Dracula in the same year; and La mine dévoreuse d'hommes (№ 184)[27] for the release of the French film Germinal; Un Conservatoire pour les Arts et Métiers (№ 222) for the bicentennial of the CNAM; La Mode : Un demi-siècle conquérant (№ 511) was on sale on the occasion of "Yves Saint Laurent retrospective" at the Petit Palais in 2010.[28] Some works were launched within an extremely limited time frame, such as Mémoires du Louvre (№ 60), for the inauguration of the Louvre Pyramid in 1989; and Les Temples de l'opéra (№ 77) for the Opéra Bastille, in 1990, both completed in six to eight weeks instead of the usual two or three months. Alongside many works dictated by current events, there are also a number of favourites, sometimes strange, such as a book devoted to red hair (№ 338 – Roux et rousses : Un éclat très particulier), which is unusual in this type of collection.[11] Some subjects can be more difficult to sell but considered necessary, such as the perspective (№ 138 – La Perspective en jeu : Les dessous de l'image), images of human body (№ 185 – Les images du corps[note 9]) and mannerism (№ 457 – Le maniérisme : Une avant-garde au XVIe siècle).[18] But in recent years, there were more monographs on memoirs of places and large institutions instead of artists, as well as various sociological and religious aspects, for instance, a book on the history of New York City by Jerome Charyn, which is translated and adapted from his English work Metropolis: New York as Myth, Marketplace, and Magical Land (№ 204 – New York : Chronique d'une ville sauvage); volumes on homosexuality (№ 417 – La longue marche des gays) and drugs (№ 423 – Les drogues : Une passion maudite); titles about Marian devotions and apparition (№ 401 – La Vierge : Femme au visage divin & № 524 – Le monde de Lourdes). And also numerous volumes devoted to writers, for example, the 381st title Proust : La cathédrale du temps.[29] Difficult subjects were frequently in demand, possibly because there was less competition. Thus a book on the Cistercian monks (№ 95 – Le rêve cistercien) was one of the bestsellers in 1990. While the others like La fièvre de l'or (№ 34, about gold rush) or Sous le pavillon noir : Pirates et flibustiers (№ 45, about pirates) are presumably subjects more common and popular, were relative failures. Generally, the most popular titles are those from Arts and Archéologie series, the 1st title À la recherche de l'Égypte oubliée and the 24th title L'écriture, mémoire des hommes[note 10] (both in Archéologie series) remain two of the bestsellers.[4] As of 2001, the former would have sold more than five hundred thousand copies worldwide. As for the Sports et jeux series, there are only four most favoured titles: La saga du Tour de France (№ 81), La balle au pied : Histoire du football (№ 83), Jeux Olympiques : La flamme de l'exploit (№ 133) and Voyous et gentlemen : Une histoire du rugby (№ 164).[11] Competition has emerged as early as in the middle of the 1990s, circulation and novelties have been decreased gradually, but partially offset by a sub-collection Découvertes Gallimard Hors série, which is one of the five spin-offs.[4]

Today, about fifteen old titles of the collection are updated every year according to current cultural and scientific research. History is the main point of Découvertes Gallimard. It is completed by archaeology, art history and science, richly accompanied by unpublished illustrations from ancient times to our days. Thus it forms a solid editorial base.[4] On 25 March 1994, Découvertes celebrated the publication of its 200th title Voyages en Utopie at the Musée national des Monuments Français.[14][30] The collection experienced two successive redesigns, one in September 1998 (№ 359 – Le Théâtre de Boulevard : « Ciel, mon mari ! ») for exterior model (colour of book's back-cover, more explicit signage), and the other in March 2000 (№ 390 – L'Esprit des savoirs) for interior page layout.[4] Those reeditions underwent a decrease in page length, due to the reformulation introduced in the "Documents" section. The collection, which was too soon associated with a zapping visual culture, reaffirmed its first purpose: the image does not take precedence over the text, but combined with text to animate and enrich the reading.[4] These books benefit from the latest technologies, with their mockups are all made using desktop publishing now. Since the QuarkXPress software was only released in 1987, the first 30 titles were made in a traditional way, with phototypesetting. The current price of a Découvertes book is between 8.40 and 15.90 euros (£7.95 in UK, $12.95–$14.95 in US and $19.95 in Canada) according to its category and number of pages, this is considered an extremely low price for a book of this quality.[11]

The Encyclopédie is the first French encyclopaedia, a work edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert and many other contributors. It was one of the first encyclopaedias to realise the form we would recognise today, also the first one to include contributions from many named contributors, and perhaps the most famous early encyclopaedia. The 100th title Le Roman vrai de l'Encyclopédie ('True Novel of the Encyclopédie') is dedicated to this work.

The collection, totalling 588 volumes, is never entirely translated into another language. However, it has been translated in part into 19 languages[31] (currently more than 20 languages, see "International editions"). "This inexpensive pocket encyclopaedia embodies its humanistic dream: to make the most advanced state of knowledge available to everyone. Diderot and D'Alembert would not have denied it ...", notes Hedwige Pasquet, current directress of Gallimard Jeunesse.[31] According to  [fr], these "French-style nonfictions" (documentaires « à la française ») have sold over twenty million copies worldwide as of 1999,[32][33][11] with recently emerging markets in Asia and Eastern Europe, especially in Russia, about 100 titles have been published within four years. In order to remedy the problems of international proprietaries and reproduction rights of works of art, the co-publishers firstly define a number of titles, then they choose according to their own editorial line, and share the high cost of worldwide photographic rights. Therefore, Harry N. Abrams in the United States chose more titles on traditional cultural subjects; while in Japan, the publisher  [ja] prefers original titles, such as the 57th title Les sorcières, fiancées de Satan ('Witches: Fiancées of Satan') by  [fr].[34]  [es] from Madrid would be the first one among Découvertes' international co-publishers since 1989, the first 12 titles for the Spanish collection Aguilar Universal were released in the same year.[35] In Italy, the publisher Electa/Gallimard produced 128 titles within seven years; in Japan, the 166th title for their series Chi no Saihakken ('Rediscovery of Knowledge') has been published in early 2017.[36][37] In addition, foreign editions are usually co-printed to amortise fees and support countries with small circulation.[11]

In addition to these foreign editions, Découvertes Gallimard has also been involved in institutional partnerships for several years, notably the one held since 1989 with the Réunion des Musées Nationaux (RMN): thirty-two titles have been released (as of 2001), plus a title in English dedicated to Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (№ 277 – Corot: Extraordinary Landscapes), the boxed set Impressionnismes (1994) and four books in the "Hors série". The principle of these co-editions is based on a sharing of costs and revenues, the RMN brings its knowledge of museums and distribution network, while the publisher brings its editorial competence. When a title is linked to an exhibition, it generates a lot of additional sales through the RMN. Other partnerships with public or private companies, such as the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (№ 282 – L'atome, de la recherche à l'industrie : Le Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique), Crédit Mutuel (№ 379 – L'odyssée de l'euro), L'Oréal (№ 405 – Les vies du cheveu[note 11]), paper industries (№ 369 – Le papier : Une aventure au quotidien), et cetera. The partner is sometimes explicitly indicated in the "acknowledgments" (№ 379), but it is most often mentioned equivocally (№ 405), even modestly kept in silence (№ 389 – Vive l'eau).[11]

Nonfiction book publishing has been in decline in France for several years, market saturation is one of the causes, competition from other medias is another, especially from the internet. Despite its excellent image to the public, Découvertes Gallimard is also concerned by this disaffection. It remains an indisputable success internationally, but in France, the sales are eroding. The number of new productions decreases and also the prints. On 1 March 1999, the director of Gallimard Jeunesse and creator of Découvertes, Pierre Marchand, after working for 27 years at Gallimard, left to become a creative director at Hachette. This was no doubt a big loss to the collection, but with more than 10 years of experience and a rich fund created over years, Découvertes finally surpassed the difficulties.[11] The end of 2006 is marked by the celebration of the collection's 20th anniversary and the publication of its 500th title Art brut : L'instinct créateur. On this occasion, a website was specially created for the collection, which is now the official website http://www.decouvertes-gallimard.fr. On the occasion of Éditions Gallimard's centennial in 2011, Découvertes Gallimard launched its first e-book for iPad: the 569th title Gallimard : Un éditeur à l'œuvre ('Gallimard: A Publisher at Work') by  [fr].[4] This was followed by an e-book collection consisting of À la recherche de l'Égypte oubliée, Dalí : Le Grand Paranoïaque, Hopper : Ombre et lumière du mythe américain, Léonard de Vinci : Art et science de l'univers, Manet : « J'ai fait ce que j'ai vu » and Mozart : Aimé des dieux in the next year.[38]

Image[]

The iconographie
Double-page spread of image in Lost Cities of the Maya (pp. 64–65). Drawing by Frederick Catherwood, 1844.
"Trailer" of Alchemy: The Great Secret (pp. 4–5). Illustrations taken from Splendor Solis, 16th century, accompanied by texts from Emerald Tablet.
Full red background pages with engravings depicting Vlad the Impaler in Vampires: The World of the Undead (pp. 28–29).

Image (illustration, designated as iconographie in French) is the essential part to Découvertes Gallimard, the collection draws much inspiration from magazine layout designs. Full colour pictures, documentary illustrations, archival photographs, historical maps occupy a central place in this work, as said Pierre Marchand himself: "the language of images is a universal language".[39] But in the 1980s, desktop publishing and photo digitisation did not exist, the sophisticated mockups were entirely handmade and the iconographers ran around museums, libraries, painting galleries and other agencies to look for documents. Today, the technology has simplified all these procedures but the difficulties are elsewhere, the status of the image is increasingly complex.[18]

Contemporary subjects often generate much higher costs since the publisher is obliged to work with photographic agencies. In the choice of documents, priority is given to those original, unpublished images. Besides, the iconographers of Découvertes have some exceptional documents, such as English explorer Frederick Catherwood's original drawings of Maya ruins decorate the 20th title Les cités perdues des Mayas.[note 12][11]

It's not difficult to illustrate subjects like arts, civilisations, archaeology ... But when it comes to a theme like "pain" (№ 370 – La douleur : Un mal à combattre) or "sustainable development" (№ 495 – Le développement durable : Maintenant ou jamais), it becomes more delicate. The question is how to avoid repetitiveness or the flatly illustrative image, then the solution lies in a broadening field, through the use of historical documents, works of art and film stills.[18]

Case study of aestheticisation movement[]

The aestheticisation of postmodern everyday life, according to sociologists Michel Maffesoli and Mike Featherstone, it seems to spring from two parallel movements rooted in modernity, the so-called "dual postmodern aestheticisation movement": first an aesthetic hedonism (Maffesoli) and second the trivialisation of art (Featherstone). The second movement is the result of the de-academisation and de-institutionalisation of art, thus "art is part of everyday life". Découvertes Gallimard is considered an example of 'art as part of everyday life' within this study.[21]

Pierre Marchand, Head of Gallimard Jeunesse who created the new kind of artistic encyclopaedia with a dynamic layout, that would be as much a magazine as an encyclopaedia. It has been described by a Gallimard employee that Découvertes "seduces like a magazine but has the duration of a book", kind of an objectified and specialised luxury magazine. A lot of work and research is done on the reproduction of images and the choice of illustrations, often unpublished documents like antique engravings, old photos, on all types of themes.[40] In this collection, all books share the same concept as to layout and looks, each book itself could become a work of art rather than only its substitute. It is coupled with up-to-date editing equipment, organisational innovations and a constant pursuit of higher printing quality at lower cost. And a more friendship than business relation between Marchand and the Italian printer Gianni Stavro has advanced the state of the art in printing. The suppliers of Découvertes are supposed to cooperate between themselves, "for instance, the French printer had a problem concerning the pigments, so the Italian printer invited him over to explain how he could solve the problem", explained by a Gallimard employee.[21]

Pierre Marchand might not be an "Artistic Master", but he is almost considered as such by his employees. Découvertes' staff work like a team, where everybody is concerned with everything at the same time. They share the same culture and values, their office is intentionally built like a vessel, with Marchand as 'captain' on the bridge, and anyone, at any time, is free to contribute with his/her own ideas about authors, pictures, front covers, ..., and becomes leader of a project.[21]

Spin-offs[]

  • Une autre histoire du XXe siècle: Literally 'Another History of the 20th Century'. A closed series within Découvertes Gallimard collection released in 1999, consisting of ten volumes for ten decades, authored by French historian  [fr] and based on the Gaumont cinematographic archives.[4]
  • Découvertes Gallimard Hors série: A sub-collection published since 1994, the title roughly translates as 'off-series' or 'off-collection'. "Hors série" books are even smaller (120 × 170 mm, generally, but not always), each one consists of 48 pages with full colour illustrations. These books are designed like museum guide booklets, according to Gallimard, "des livres à visiter comme une exposition" ('books to visit like an exhibition'). Most of them are dedicated to artists like Botticelli, Arcimboldo, Fragonard, Soutine, Le Gray, et cetera, during major exhibitions devoted to them.[41]
  • Découvertes Gallimard Albums: A sub-collection consists of 13 volumes, 12 volumes released in 1992 and one in 1994, a larger format (210 × 270 mm) is used for them.
  • Découvertes Gallimard Texto: A 6-volume sub-collection released in 1998 (124 × 178 mm), inspired by the "Documents" section at the back of every Découvertes book.[11]
  • Découvertes Gallimard Carnet d'expo: A sub-collection of exhibition booklets created in 2018, with the smaller format (120 × 170 mm).

The "Hors série" books are often coupled with art exhibitions and it works well. While the other attempts to diversify the collection have often resulted in resounding commercial failures, such as the "Albums" and "Texto". Despite an interesting concept: the use of still images from Gaumont archives for "Une autre histoire du XXe siècle", this series has had mixed success.[11]

Reception[]

French weekly magazine Télérama praised Découvertes Gallimard, describing the work as: "they borrow suspense from the cinema, have efficiency of the journalism, literary temperament is their charm, and art is their beauty".[4] New York magazine described it "a lively interweaving of simple text and clever pictures".[42] German literary scholar and historian  [de] wrote an article for Die Zeit, reviewed the collection being an "adventure stands for surprise, excitement and amusement. Boredom is already prevented by the curiosity of vivid illustrations which are accompanied by detailed explanations".[43] Rick Poynor wrote in Eye magazine that the collection "is one of the great projects of contemporary popular publishing".[13] Raleigh Trevelyan's article in The New York Times mentioned D-Day and the Invasion of Normandy from "Abrams Discoveries" series, said "all volumes in the 'Discoveries' series are ingeniously designed".[44] Art critic John Russell considered these books contain unique information, such as Aelian's authority on the musicality of the elephant or the precise look of Halley's Comet as it was depicted in 1835.[45] In an article from the Argentine newspaper La Nación, Eduardo Gudiño Kieffer said, "The books are excellent assistants for intellectuals, writers, journalists and students of different aspects of the culture [...] they contain accurate and pithy information [...] They obtain a cognitive 'duration' difficult to achieve in the mediatic fugacity."[46] The Spanish newspaper El País: "Those books combine an important 'Documents' section with an original thematic concept. It's obviously a work of education and popularisation, but popularisation of very good level."[47] The Brazilian newspapers – Folha de S.Paulo: "What is most striking in the collection, however, is not the eclecticism or the unusual themes—usually developed by French experts—but the format and the iconographic content thereof.";[48]  [pt]: "almost like a luxury comic magazine and of exquisite taste".[49]

According to French magazine L'Expansion, some other positive reviews including The Times: "A brand-new and daring collection"; Die Zeit: "As soon as you open these handy books, you can not get away from them anymore"; The New York Times Book Review: "A collection that recalls nineteenth-century encyclopaedias, where intelligence went hand in hand with curiosity".[50] The French news magazine L'Express: "Genuine monographs, published like art books, offered in pocket format and sold at an affordable price [...] 'Découvertes' changed the face of encyclopaedism and art book, adapting the book to the era of 'zapping'."[51]  [fr]—a French bimonthly journal—refers to the collection as a "classic".[52] It is also regarded by  [fr]—a French weekly magazine—as one of six collections which have marked the history of French publishing.[53]

Despite all the favours to its quality and attractive visual design, the collection suffers from a problem of identity in bookshops: where to put these books? With books for youth or books for adults? As pocket books or human science documentary books? And opt for a thematic scattering on the shelves. Many booksellers renounce the displays that were exclusively reserved for "Découvertes" due to high competition. All the more so because a rather tight inventory management at Gallimard, the complete titles are never available at the same time, which is not appreciated by the customers. The problem of identification is also latent in print media, the journalists, even if they are personally delighted to receive the new titles from a press agent, would not be too enthusiastic about presenting a simple pocket book in their articles, even if it's a brand new title and not a reprint.[11]

English edition[]

Logo of 'New Horizons' series.
'New Horizons', the UK edition.

A small portion of the collection has been translated into English, published by Thames & Hudson in United Kingdom under the title New Horizons series,[54][55] which launched its first titles in 1992 with the slogan, "the expanding universe between two covers". According to Thames & Hudson director Jamie Camplin, the remit is to "educate in an entertaining way".[1]

, former director and editor in chief of the New York-based publisher Abrams Books (then called Harry N. Abrams), discovered Pierre Marchand's "Découvertes" at the Gallimard stand during the Bologna Book Fair in 1991, which he called "a dazzling array of books" and an "imaginative combination of text and pictures in a magnificently produced series of paperback books". He began to negotiate for English language translation.[56] The collection was eventually titled Abrams Discoveries series by the U.S. publisher. They began to publish in the spring of 1992, and more than 100 titles were produced.[57][58][59][60]

These two publishers share the translation costs, the American edition is then re-edited to take into account English spelling, or vice versa.[1] Unlike the original French edition which each volume has a number on the book's spine, American and British editions are not put into numerical order. UK edition's book spines have titles in white with black background, while the more Gallimard-style US edition has titles in colour and sometimes with decorative features, such as an ☥ for Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh and a ⚜ for Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition.

Apart from spelling and punctuation differences, certain titles of American edition have additional explanation placed in parentheses within the body text. For instance, in The Celts: Conquerors of Ancient Europe: "Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic)" (p. 14), "Gaelic (meaning an Irish or Scottish Celt)" (p. 14), or "Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)" (p. 76); whereas in the British version The Celts: First Masters of Europe, has no such additional information. Besides, the texts are not entirely identical. As for the "Documents" section, though some co-publishers print the entire French version, Thames & Hudson reformulates this part, tailoring the material to suit the nuances of the UK market.[1]

List of English-translated volumes[]

Main article: List of English-translated volumes of Découvertes Gallimard

Documentary adaptation[]

Documentary film adaptations of Découvertes Gallimard started in 1997. The project is a co-production of Arte France and , and in collaboration with Éditions Gallimard.[61] These 52-minute films are produced as part of The Human Adventure, a documentary television programme of Arte, nine of them directed by .[62]

List of documentary films:

Documentary Literal translation Director Voice-over Release year Adaptation of UK edition US edition Author
Il était une fois la Mésopotamie (subtitled into English)[63] 'Once Upon a Time in Mesopotamia' François Marthouret,  [fr], Jean-Claude Lubtchansky 1998 Il était une fois la Mésopotamie (nº 191) – – Jean Bottéro,
Quand le Japon s'ouvrit au monde 'When Japan Opened to the World' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky François Marthouret, Michel Duchaussoy 1998 Quand le Japon s'ouvrit au monde (nº 99) – – ,
Galilée, le messager des étoiles 'Galileo, the Messenger of the Stars' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky François Marthouret, 1998 Galilée : Le messager des étoiles (nº 10) – –
Vers Tombouctou : L'Afrique des explorateurs 'On the Road to Timbuktu: Explorers in Africa' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky François Marthouret,  [fr], Richard Sammel 1999 Vers Tombouctou : L'Afrique des explorateurs II (nº 216) – – Anne Hugon
Les cités perdues des Mayas (subtitled into English)[64]:43 'The Lost Cities of the Mayans' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky François Marthouret, 2000 Les cités perdues des Mayas (nº 20) Lost Cities of the Maya Lost Cities of the Maya Claude-François Baudez,
Champollion, un scribe pour l'Égypte (subtitled into English)[64]:42 'Champollion, a scribe for Egypt' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky Françoise Fabian, Jean-Hugues Anglade 2000 Champollion : Un scribe pour l'Égypte (nº 96) – –  [fr]
Léonard de Vinci (dubbed into English)[65] 'Leonardo da Vinci' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky Aurore Clément,  [fr] 2001 Léonard de Vinci : Art et science de l'univers (nº 293) Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci: The Mind of the Renaissance Alessandro Vezzosi
L'empire des nombres (dubbed into English)[66] 'The Empire of Numbers' Denis Guedj 2001 L'empire des nombres (nº 300) Numbers: The Universal Language Numbers: The Universal Language Denis Guedj
La Terre des Peaux-Rouges 'The Land of the Redskins' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky Serge Avédikian, François Marthouret 2002 La Terre des Peaux-Rouges (nº 14) – – Philippe Jacquin
Angkor, la forêt de pierre (available in English)[64]:40&286 'Angkor, the Stone Forest' Jean-Claude Lubtchansky Serge Avédikian,  [fr] 2002 Angkor : La forêt de pierre (nº 64) Angkor: Heart of an Asian Empire Angkor: Heart of an Asian Empire Bruno Dagens
Darwin et la science de l'évolution 'Darwin and the Science of Evolution'  [fr], Valérie Winckler 2002 Darwin et la science de l'évolution (nº 397) Charles Darwin: The Scholar Who Changed Human History Darwin and the Science of Evolution  [fr]
Le Mystère des sources du Nil (dubbed into English)[67] 'The Mystery of the Sources of the Nile'  [fr], , Vincent Grass,  [fr], 2003 L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil (nº 117) The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape Anne Hugon

International editions[]

Title Literal translation Language Country Publisher First published
Découvertes Gallimard 'Gallimard Discoveries' French of France France Éditions Gallimard 1986
New Horizons – British English United Kingdom Thames & Hudson 1992
Abrams Discoveries – American English United States Harry N. Abrams 1992
Universale Electa/Gallimard 'Electa/Gallimard Universal' Italian Italy Electa/Gallimard 1992
Universale L'ippocampo 'L'ippocampo Universal' Italian Italy L'ippocampo Edizioni 2011
Aguilar Universal 'Aguilar Universal' Peninsular Spanish Spain  [es] 1989
Biblioteca ilustrada 'Illustrated Library' Peninsular Spanish Spain Blume 2011
Biblioteca de bolsillo CLAVES 'Pocket Library KEYS' Spanish Spain, Hispanic America Ediciones B 1997
Civilização/Círculo de Leitores 'Civilisation/Readers' Circle' European Portuguese Portugal Civilização Editora,  [pt] 1991
Descobrir 'Discover' European Portuguese Portugal  [pt] 2003
Descobertas 'Discoveries' Brazilian Portuguese Brazil  [pt] 2000
En värld av vetande 'A World of Knowledge' Swedish Sweden  [sv] 1991
Horisont-bøkene 'Horizon Books' Norwegian Norway 1990
Ny viden om nyt og gammelt 'New Knowledge on New and Old' Danish Denmark Roth 1993
Abenteuer Geschichte 'Adventure Story' German Germany Ravensburger Buchverlag 1990
Fibula Pharos 'Fibula's Pharos' Dutch Netherlands Fibula-Van Dishoek 1990
Standaard Ontdekkingen 'Standaard Discoveries' Dutch Belgium, Netherlands Standaard Uitgeverij 1990
Krajobrazy Cywilizacji 'Landscapes of Civilisation' Polish Poland Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie 1994
Poznać i Zrozumieć Świat – Focus 'Know and Understand the World – Focus' Polish Poland  [pl] 2002
Horizonty 'Horizons' Czech Czech Republic  [cs] 1994
Horizonty 'Horizons' Slovak Slovakia Vydavateľstvo Slovart 1994
Kréta könyvek 'Chalk Books' Hungarian Hungary Park Kiadó 1991
Mejniki 'Milestones' Slovene Slovenia  [sl] 1994
Atradimai Baltos lankos 'Baltos lankos Discoveries' Lithuanian Lithuania Baltos lankos 1997
Découvertes Univers: Colecțiile Cotidianul. Enciclopedica 'Univers Discoveries: Cotidianul. Encyclopaedic Collections' Romanian Romania  [ro] (in collaboration with Cotidianul) 2007
Ανακαλύψεις Δεληθανάση 'Delithanasi Discoveries' Greek Greece Αστέρης Δεληθανάσης (Asteris Delithanasis) 1990
Открытие 'Discovery' Russian Russia AST 2001
Genel Kültür Dizisi 'General Culture Series' Turkish Turkey Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2001
اكتشافات غاليمار 'Gallimard Discoveries' Lebanese Arabic Lebanon دار المجاني (Dar Al Majani; lit. 'Free House') 2011
知の再発見 'Rediscovery of Knowledge' Japanese Japan  [ja] 1990
發現之旅
(Voyage D'exploration) 		'Voyage of Discoveries' Traditional Chinese Taiwan  [zh] 1994
发现之旅
(Voyage D'exploration) 		'Voyage of Discoveries' Simplified Chinese China Published by various publishers 1998
시공 디스커버리 총서
(Sigong Discovery) 		'Sigong Discovery series' Korean South Korea Sigongsa 1995

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Red for Arts, brown for Archéologie, blue for Histoire, white for Littératures, dark blue for Religions, yellow for Culture et société, green for Sciences et techniques.
  2. ^ American edition – The Celts: Conquerors of Ancient Europe; British edition – The Celts: First Masters of Europe.
  3. ^ English edition title (both American and British) – Pompeii: The Day a City Died.
  4. ^ English edition title (both American and British) – Gauguin: The Quest for Paradise.
  5. ^ American edition – Manet: The Influence of the Modern; British edition – Manet: Painter of Modern Life.
  6. ^ American edition – Newton: The Father of Modern Astronomy; British edition – Newton: Understanding the Cosmos.
  7. ^ British edition title – Matisse: The Sensuality of Colour; American edition title – Matisse: The Wonder of Color.
  8. ^ British version title – Vampires: The World of the Undead; American version title – Vampires: Restless Creatures of the Night.
  9. ^ British version title – The Human Body: Image and Emotion; American version title – Images of the Body.
  10. ^ English edition (both American and British) – Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts.
  11. ^ English edition – Hair: The Long and the Short of It.
  12. ^ English edition title (both American and British) – Lost Cities of the Maya.

References[]

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  6. ^ "Pissarro : Patriarche des impressionnistes, Collection Découvertes Gallimard (n° 588), Série Arts". gallimard.fr (in French). Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  7. ^ Adam, Jean-Michel (18 January 2017). Les Textes : types et prototypes — 4e édition (in French). Paris: Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200617578.
  8. ^ "New Horizons series". thamesandhudson.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
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  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Cova, Bernard; Svanfeldt, Christian (1993). "Societal Innovations and the Postmodern Aestheticization of Everyday Life". International Journal of Research in Marketing. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 10 (3): 297–310. doi:10.1016/0167-8116(93)90012-N. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
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  29. ^ "Marcel Proust : La cathédrale du temps, collection Découvertes Gallimard (n° 381)". gallimard.fr (in French). Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  30. ^ "Voyages en Utopie, collection Découvertes Gallimard (n° 200)". gallimard.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b "Découverte". bibliomonde.com (in French). Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  32. ^ De Gaudemar, Antoine (20 January 1999). "La "jeunesse" de Gallimard chez Hachette. Pierre Marchand, qui a créé "Découvertes" et tout le secteur jeunesse, passe à la concurrence". next.liberation.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  33. ^ "Livres Hebdo (nº 321)". Livres Hebdo, n° 321 (in French). Paris: Electre S.A. January 1999.
  34. ^ "Les sorcières, fiancées de Satan, collection Découvertes Gallimard (n° 57)". gallimard.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 April 2017.
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  36. ^ 「知の再発見」双書166『ヴュイヤール──ゆらめく装飾画』. sogensha.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  37. ^ "Vuiyaru Yurameku Soshoku Ga / Original Title: Vuillard ("Shiri No Saihakken" Sosho)". cdjapan.co.jp. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  38. ^ Taillandier, Florent (15 October 2012). "Gallimard lance une collection d'ebooks pour iPad et Kobo Arc". cnetfrance.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
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  45. ^ Russell, John (1 November 1992). "While You're Saving for a van Gogh: A Guide to Inexpensive Art Books". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
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  47. ^ "Aguilar edita la primera enciclopedia universal de bolsillo". elpais.com (in Spanish). 24 December 1989. Retrieved 29 October 2018. Son libros que combinan una parte documental muy importante con un concepto temático original. Es una obra de divulgación, evidentemente, pero divulgación de buen buen nivel.
  48. ^ Caversan, Luiz (15 April 2000). "Coleção ilustra descobertas históricas". folha.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 October 2018. O que mais chama a atenção na coleção, no entanto, não é o ecletismo ou o inusitado dos temas—em geral desenvolvidos por especialistas franceses—, mas o formato e o conteúdo iconográfico dos mesmos.
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  51. ^ Garcia, Daniel (1 November 2005). "L'invention des Découvertes". lexpress.fr (in French). Retrieved 31 August 2018. De véritables monographies, éditées comme des livres d'art, proposées en format poche et vendues à un prix poche [...] « Découvertes » a changé la face de l'encyclopédisme et du livre d'art, adaptant le livre à l'ère du « zapping ».
  52. ^ Manca, Isabelle (28 June 2018). "La mue des Découvertes Gallimard". lejournaldesarts.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2018. C'est ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler un « classique ».
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  67. ^ "In Search of the Nile". distribution.arte.tv (in French and English). Retrieved 3 December 2020.

Sources[]

External links[]

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