Detroit People Mover

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Detroit People Mover
Dpmlogo2013.png
DPMoverRenCenstop.jpg
Exiting Renaissance Center station
Overview
LocaleDowntown Detroit
Transit typePeople mover
Number of lines1
Number of stations13
Daily ridership4,300[1] (2017 4Q)
Annual ridership1,915,173 (2018)
Headquarters535 Griswold Suite 400
Detroit, Michigan 48226
Operation
Began operation1987
Operator(s)Detroit Transportation Corporation
Number of vehicles12
Technical
System length2.94 mi (4.73 km)
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
ElectrificationThird rail
hideSystem map

Legend
QLine
to New Center
Grand Circus Park
Broadway
QLine
to Congress
Cadillac Center
Times Square
Greektown
Michigan Avenue
Bricktown
Fort/Cass
Renaissance Center
Convention Center
Millender Center
Joe Louis Arena
Financial District
This diagram:
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The Detroit People Mover (DPM) is a 2.94-mile (4.73 km) elevated automated people mover-type train system that operates on a single track encircling Downtown Detroit, Michigan[2] using Urban Transportation Development Corporation Intermediate Capacity Transit System Mark I technology. A siding allows the system to be used in a two-way bypass manner when part of the circular track is closed.

The QLine streetcar serves as a link between the Detroit People Mover and New Center Amtrak station, plus additional access to DDOT and SMART bus routes as part of a comprehensive network of transportation in metropolitan Detroit.[3]

History[]

The Detroit People Mover has its origins in 1966, with Congressional creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) to develop new types of transit. In 1975, following the failure to produce any large-scale results and increased pressure to show results, UMTA created the Downtown People Mover Program (DPM) and sponsored a nationwide competition that offered federal funds to cover much of the cost of planning and construction of such a system. UMTA reviewed thirty-five full proposals. From these, they selected proposals from Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, and St. Paul. In addition, UMTA decided they would approve proposals from Baltimore, Detroit, and Miami to develop People Mover systems if they could do so with existing grant commitments. Of the seven cities with UMTA approval for their People Mover proposals, only Detroit and Miami persevered to build and operate systems.[4]

The Ford Motor Company was involved in one of the designs of the People Mover and had hired AlScott Service Company to design and build a room size working model of the system. This model was used for Ford's proposals in their attempt to build the system.[5]

The People Mover was intended to be the downtown distributor for a proposed city and metro-wide light rail transit system for Detroit in the early 1980s; however, funding was scaled back.[6] President Gerald Ford had promised 600 million in federal funds. Plans included a subway line along Woodward Avenue that would turn into a street level train at McNichols and eventually go all the way to Pontiac, with additional rail lines running along Gratiot and a commuter line between Detroit and Port Huron. Inability of local leaders to come to an agreement led to the 600 million commitment being withdrawn by the Reagan Administration. Yet the People Mover still moved forward.[7] At the time of planning, the system was projected to have a ridership of 67,700 daily.[8]

Grand Circus Park station

The People Mover is owned and operated by the Detroit Transportation Corporation (DTC). The DTC was incorporated in 1985 as a Michigan Public Body Corporate for the purpose of acquiring, owning, constructing, furnishing, equipping, completing, operating, improving, enlarging, and/or disposing of the Central Automated Transit Systems (CATS) in Detroit, Michigan. DTC acquired the CATS project from the Suburban Mobile Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) formerly known as the Southeastern Michigan Transportation Authority (SEMTA), on October 4, 1985. The DTC was created by the City of Detroit, Michigan pursuant to Act 7 of Public Acts of 1967 and is a component unit of the City of Detroit and accounts its activity as per proprietary funds.[9]

The CATS project, aka the Downtown People Mover (DPM), officially opened to the public on July 31, 1987. Prior to November 18, 1988, the People Mover System was operated and maintained by the primary contractor, Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC) on a month-to-month basis. On November 18, 1988, the DTC assumed the responsibility to operate and maintain the People Mover System.

The system opened in 1987 using the same technology as Vancouver's SkyTrain and Toronto's Scarborough RT line. In the first year, an average of 11,000 riders used the People Mover each day; the one-day record was 54,648.[10]

When the People Mover opened, it ran counter-clockwise. On July 20, 2008, the system was shut down temporarily to replace track on six of the curves along the route. When it reopened in August, the system was run clockwise, and kept running clockwise until 2020. The change in direction reduced the time required to complete one round-trip. The clockwise direction has one short, relatively steep uphill climb and then coasts downhill for a majority of the ride, allowing the train to use gravity to accelerate. This makes each round-trip slightly faster than running uphill most of the way in the counter-clockwise direction.[11] The system changed directions again in 2020, running counter-clockwise only on weekends for the month of February, and switching to counter-clockwise full-time on March 1st.

On January 22, 2015 at approximately 10:10 p.m., one of the cars jumped a rail hitting the rail platform. This prompted the system to be temporarily shut down to allow an investigation to take place. After 17 hours of investigation, the system resumed service. According to a media release given by the inspectors, "A bracket beneath one of the People Mover cars dislodged, catching under the rear car of the train approaching Times Square Station. This caused the rear car to come out of alignment and leave the rail. As a result, the second car scraped the platform, dislodging the door as the train pulled into the station."[12]

The ridership drop due to the Covid-19 pandemic caused a shutdown of the system on March 30, 2020. As of May, 2021 the system is still out of operation.

Cost-effectiveness and use[]

The Detroit People Mover approaching now-defunct Joe Louis Arena

The Mover costs $12 million annually in city and state subsidies to run.[13] The cost-effectiveness of the Mover has drawn criticism.[14] In every year between 1997 and 2006, the cost per passenger mile exceeded $3, and was $4.26 in 2009,[15] compared with Detroit bus routes that operate at $0.82[15] (the New York City Subway operates at $0.30 per passenger mile). The Mackinac Center for Public Policy also charges that the system does not benefit locals, pointing out that fewer than 30% of the riders are Detroit residents and that Saturday ridership (likely out-of-towners) dwarfs that of weekday usage.[13] Edward Glaeser in his 2011 book Triumph of the City, referring to high cost of maintenance, calls the Mover "perhaps the most absurd public transit project in the country".[16]

The system was designed to move up to 15 million riders a year. In 2008 it served approximately 2 million riders. This meant the system averaged about 7,500 people per day, about 2.5 percent of its daily peak capacity of 288,000.[17][18] In 2006, the Mover filled less than 10 percent of its seats.[13]

As of 2019, passengers pay $0.75 per trip, with discounts for seniors and multiple rides.[19] Children 5 and under ride free.[20] The fare was originally 50 cents until it was raised to the current rate in November 2011. DDOT/SMART passes can be used. Among the busiest periods was the five days around the 2006 Super Bowl XL, when 215,910 patrons used the service.[21] In addition to major downtown concerts and sporting events, other high ridership times include the week of the annual North American International Auto Show in January and the Youmacon anime convention at the end of October, ever since the convention expanded in 2012 to use TCF Center in addition to the Renaissance Center. The system had 92,384 riders during the 2014 extended con weekend.[22]

Changes to the downtown area has impacted service and access to certain stations although the overall route and placement of the stations remains the same. The J. L. Hudson Department Store building's implosion in October 1998 damaged part of the nearby track and forced the system to shut down. Before the track was completely repaired about a year later, limited service went into effect. In 2000, the David Whitney Building closed, cutting off access to the Grand Circus Park Station. The station later reopened without handicapped access as that was inside the David Whitney Building, which eventually reopened in late 2014. During construction of Compuware World Headquarters and parking garage, the Cadillac Center stop was closed as part of the parking structure was built around it. The station remained largely untouched and unmodified although the entrance was slightly expanded to allow a direct walkway to the nearby parking garage staircase and elevator tower.

In 2002, the concrete berms in front of the Renaissance Center were removed to make it more inviting to the rest of downtown. This also required the demolition of the station and tile artwork by George Woodman. Limited service continued but once again, ridership dropped significantly (see graph below) until the station and section of track were rebuilt to restore full circular operations in 2004. To replace the old artwork, Woodman designed a new tile art piece called Path Games.

As part of the restoration of the David Whitney Building, the Grand Circus Park station was closed on August 16, 2014 to complete a facelift planned to open in January 2015. The improved station will now feature ADA accessibility independently of the David Whitney Building. The project is overseen by Dumas Concepts in Building. The Grand Circus Park station officially reopened on June 13, 2015.[23] Because of the closure, the 2014 ridership level of that station dropped to 72,774 (12 out of the 13 stations). For comparison, the 2013 ridership level at Grand Circus was 136,255.[24]

Expansion[]

There have been proposals to extend the People Mover northward to the New Center and neighborhoods not within walking distance of the city's downtown. A proposal was put forward by Marsden Burger, former manager of the People Mover, to double the length of the route by extending the People Mover along Woodward Avenue to West Grand Boulevard and into the New Center area.[25] New stops would have included the Amtrak station, Wayne State University and the cultural center, the Detroit Medical Center, and the Henry Ford Hospital. The plan was proposed at a tentative cost of $150–200 million, and would have been paid for by a combination of public and private financing.[26] It was ultimately decided that the system would instead be connected to New Center by a streetcar line following much of the proposed route.

Operations and maintenance[]

The People Mover is owned and operated by the Detroit Transportation Corporation, an agency of the Detroit city government.

The People Mover system's operations center is located at the Times Square Station. Housed in the same complex is the system's maintenance facility and storage of the cars in an indoor facility.[27] Cars enter south turnout to enter the maintenance facility and exit from the north turn out back onto the main track. Maintenance equipment (work cars, etc...) are lifted up to track level by crane, but not stored with the DPM cars.

Work cars[]

Work cars are not maintained or owned by DPM, but by contractors:[28]

  • three car Loram rail grinding set (8 stone L-Series Specialty Rail Grinders)

Ridership[]

DPMridership2018.png
Year Calendar year ridership (January 1 - December 31) Fiscal year ridership (July 1 - June 30) Source
2001 2,369,915 2,104,832 DTC[29]
2002 1,837,807 2,186,526 DTC[29]
2003 1,017,243 1,267,927 DTC[29]
2004 953,753 922,644 DTC[29]
2005 1,792,924 1,339,646 DTC[29]
2006 2,368,361 2,307,909 DTC[29]
2007 2,320,433 2,307,774 DTC[29]
2008 2,059,714 2,315,395 DTC[29]
2009 2,161,436 1,941,501 DTC[29]
2010 2,216,800 2,181,440 DTC[29]
2011 2,285,358 2,408,131 DTC[29]
2012 2,085,487 2,046,444 DTC[29]
2013 2,207,333 2,118,301 DTC[29]
2014 2,357,520 2,140,066 DTC[29]
2015 2,413,414 2,442,031 DTC[29]
2016 2,165,352 2,286,383 DTC[29]
2017 2,095,415 2,212,662 DTC[29]
2018 1,915,173 1,952,505 DTC[29]
2019 1,605,283 - DTC[29]

Stations[]

The DPM stops at 13 stations, eight of which were built into existing buildings. As the system is single tracked, the stations only have a single platform setup. Originally, the 13 stations were planned not to have any distinctive features. However, in 1984 after construction had recently begun, Irene Walt assembled a volunteer committee to persuade the project agency to include artwork in each station. Called the Downtown Detroit People Mover Art Commission (later known as Art in the Stations), they raised $2 million to finance the project. As a result, there are 18 new original pieces of art spread throughout the stations, plus a piece from 1903 that had previously been in storage, on permanent loan from the Detroit Institute of Arts. The commissions efforts and art installation were documented in a 30-minute film by Sue Marx and Pamela Conn, who had recently won an Academy Award for the short documentary Young at Heart. Art in the Stations premiered at the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1989. In 2004, the book Art in the Stations was published, with photographs by Balthazar Korab, containing information on all the station artwork and the artists who created them.

Station Location
Broadway Broadway and John R. Street (downtown YMCA)
Grand Circus Park Park Street & Woodward Avenue (David Whitney Building)
Times Square Grand River Avenue & Times Square
Michigan Avenue Michigan Avenue & Cass Avenue
Fort/Cass Fort Street & Cass Avenue
Convention Center Cass Street & Congress Street (inside TCF Center)
Joe Louis Arena 3rd Street & Jefferson Avenue (Joe Louis Arena)
Financial District Larned Street & Shelby Street (150 West Jefferson)
Millender Center Randolph & Jefferson Avenue (inside Milender Center)
Renaissance Center Renaissance Center
Bricktown Beaubien Street & East Fort Street
Greektown Beaubien Street between Monroe & East Lafayette Street (Greektown Historic District)
Cadillac Center Gratiot Avenue & Library Street

Public art[]

Each station displays artwork created by various artists. Art was completed with the system opening in 1987 unless otherwise noted:

  • Grand Circus Park
    • Catching Up (Artist: J. Seward Johnson Jr - bronze statue)
  • Times Square
    • In Honor of W. Hawkins Ferry (Artist: Tom Phardel / Pewabic Pottery - glazed tile)
    • Untitled (1993) (Artist: Anat Shiftan / Pewabic Pottery - tile mural)
  • Michigan Ave
    • Voyage (Artist: Allie McGhee - tile mural)
    • On the Move (Artist: Kirk Newman - cast bronze shape on tile)
  • Fort/Cass
    • Untitled (Artist: Farley Tobin - tile mural)
    • Progression II (1993) (Artist: Sandra jo Osip - bronze sculpture)
  • Convention Center
    • Calvacade of Cars (1988) (Artist: Larry Ebel/Linda Cianciolo Scarlett - mural)
  • Joe Louis Arena
  • Financial District
    • 'D' for Detroit (Artist: Joyce Kozloff - hand painted ceramic mural)
  • Millender Center
  • Renaissance Center
    • Siberian Ram (1993) (Artist: Marshall Fredericks - cast bronze sculpture)
    • Path Games (2004) (Artist: George Woodman - ceramic tile mural)
    • Dreamers and Voyagers Come to Detroit (1987-2002) (Artist: George Woodman - ceramic tile mural, destroyed with station demolition)
  • Bricktown
    • Beaubien Passage (Artist: Glen Michaels - bas relief on porcelain panels)
  • Greektown
    • Neon for the Greektown Station (Artist: Stephen Antonakos - free form neon light display)
  • Cadillac Center
  • Broadway

Rolling stock[]

The system operates in two-car pairs.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Dickens, Matthew. "PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIO N RIDERSHIP REPORT, Fourth Quarter 2017" (PDF). APTA.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Detroit People Mover - Overview". Thepeoplemover.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  3. ^ Ann Arbor - Detroit Regional Rail Project SEMCOG. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.
  4. ^ "The Downtown People Mover Program". Faculty.washington.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  5. ^ AlScott Service company, Detroit Michigan
  6. ^ Phillipp Oswalt. "Shrinking Cities," (PDF). p. 93. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  7. ^ Ryan Felton. "How Detroit ended up with the worst public transit". Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  8. ^ Wendell Cox. "Analysis of the Proposed Las Vegas LLC Monorail" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  9. ^ "Summary of Significant Account Policies" (PDF). p. 12.
  10. ^ "Detroit downtown peoplemover, advanced automated urban transit". Faculty.washington.edu. 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  11. ^ "Detroit People Mover Reopens and Makes Changes". Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  12. ^ "People Mover Resumes Service". 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2015-01-25.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c People Mover grows up[dead link]
  14. ^ Braun, Ken (2007-12-11). "The Detroit People Mover Still Serves as "a Rich Folks' Roller Coaster" [Michigan Capitol Confidential]". Mackinac.org. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pricey pensions for Detroit's roller-coaster for rich people". Speroforum.com. 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  16. ^ Glaeser, Edward (2011), Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, New York: Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-277-3
  17. ^ [1][dead link]
  18. ^ Luczak, Marybeth (1998). "Is there people-mover in your future?". Railway AgeIn fiscal year 1999-2000 the city was spending $3 for every $0.50 rider fare, according to The Detroit News.
  19. ^ "Detroit People Mover Proposed Fare Structure" (PDF). Detroit Transportation Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-18. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  20. ^ "Operating Schedule | DPM". www.thepeoplemover.com. Retrieved 2019-07-17.
  21. ^ Detroit Transportation Corporation
  22. ^ Alexander, Ericka (2015-10-13). "DPM is the Place to Be for Youmacon 2015 - Find out why!"". DTC Marketing. Archived from the original on 2015-10-26. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  23. ^ "People Mover's Grand Circus Park Station Reopens". CBS Detroit. 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
  24. ^ Lawrence, Eric D (2015-06-24). "People Mover's Grand Circus Station back in service". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
  25. ^ "DetroitPeopleMover2". Drcurryassociates.net. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  26. ^ Detroit News[2]
  27. ^ "Times Square(Detroit People Mover)". The SubwayNut. 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2012-02-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "About Ridership". Retrieved 2021-03-13.

External links[]

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