Digital media

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For analog electronic media, see electronic media.
Hard drives store information in binary form and so are considered a type of physical digital media.

Digital media means any communication media that operate with the use of any of various encoded machine-readable data formats. Digital media can be created, viewed, distributed, modified, listened to, and preserved on a digital electronics device. Digital can be defined as any data represented by a series of digits, while media refers to methods of broadcasting or communicating these information. Together, digital media refers to mediums of digitized information broadcast to us through a screen and/or a speaker.[1] This also includes text, audio, video, and graphics that are transmitted over the internet for viewing or listening to on the internet.[2]

In 2020, digital media platforms, such as YouTube, Vimeo, and Twitch accounted for viewership rates of 27.9 billion hours in 2020.[3]

Digital media[]

Examples of digital media include software, digital images, digital video, video games, web pages and websites, social media, digital data and databases, digital audio such as MP3, electronic documents and electronic books. Digital media often contrasts with print media, such as printed books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional or analog media, such as photographic film, audio tapes or video tapes.

Digital media has had a significantly broad and complex impact on society and culture. Combined with the Internet and personal computing, digital media has caused disruptive innovation in publishing, journalism, public relations, entertainment, education, commerce and politics. Digital media has also posed new challenges to copyright and intellectual property laws, fostering an open content movement in which content creators voluntarily give up some or all of their legal rights to their work. The ubiquity of digital media and its effects on society suggest that we are at the start of a new era in industrial history, called the Information Age, perhaps leading to a paperless society in which all media are produced and consumed on computers.[4] However, challenges to a digital transition remain, including outdated copyright laws, censorship, the digital divide, and the spectre of a digital dark age, in which older media becomes inaccessible to new or upgraded information systems.[5] Digital media has a significant, wide-ranging and complex impact on society and culture.[4]

History[]

Codes and information by machines were first conceptualized by Charles Babbage in the early 1800s. Babbage imagined that these codes would give him instructions for his Motor of Difference and Analytical Engine, machines that Babbage had designed to solve the problem of error in calculations. Between 1822 and 1823, Ada Lovelace, mathematics, wrote the first instructions for calculating numbers on Babbage engines. Lovelace's instructions are now believed to be the first computer program. Although the machines were designed to perform analysis tasks, Lovelace anticipated the possible social impact of computers and programming, writing. "For in the distribution and combination of truths and formulas of analysis, which may become easier and more quickly subjected to the mechanical combinations of the engine, the relationships and the nature of many subjects in which science necessarily relates in new subjects, and more deeply researched […] there are in all extensions of human power or additions to human knowledge, various collateral influences, in addition to the primary and primary object reached." Other old machine readable media include instructions for pianolas and weaving machines.

Binary Code shown here which can used to represent the whole alphabet

It is estimated that in the year 1986 less than 1% of the world's media storage capacity was digital and in 2007 it was already 94%.[6] The year 2002 is assumed to be the year when human kind was able to store more information in digital than in analog media (the "beginning of the digital age").[7]

Digital computers[]

See also: Digital electronics, History of computing, History of computing hardware, History of programming languages, and History of the transistor
Digital codes, like binary, can be changed without reconfiguring mechanical parts

Though they used machine-readable media, Babbage's engines, player pianos, jacquard looms and many other early calculating machines were themselves analog computers, with physical, mechanical parts. The first truly digital media came into existence with the rise of digital computers.[8] Digital computers use binary code and Boolean logic to store and process information, allowing one machine in one configuration to perform many different tasks. The first modern, programmable, digital computers, the Manchester Mark 1 and the EDSAC, were independently invented between 1948 and 1949.[8][9] Though different in many ways from modern computers, these machines had digital software controlling their logical operations. They were encoded in binary, a system of ones and zeroes that are combined to make hundreds of characters. The 1s and 0s of binary are the "digits" of digital media.[10]

"As We May Think"[]

While digital media did not come into common use until the late 20th century, the conceptual foundation of digital media is traced to the work of scientist and engineer Vannevar Bush and his celebrated essay "As We May Think," published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1945.[11] Bush envisioned a system of devices that could be used to help scientists, doctors, historians and others, store, analyze and communicate information.[11] Calling this then-imaginary device a "memex", Bush wrote:

The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin and properties of the bow and arrow. Specifically he is studying why the short Turkish bow was apparently superior to the English long bow in the skirmishes of the Crusades. He has dozens of possibly pertinent books and articles in his memex. First he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another pertinent item, and ties the two together. Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item. When it becomes evident that the elastic properties of available materials had a great deal to do with the bow, he branches off on a side trail which takes him through textbooks on elasticity and tables of physical constants. He inserts a page of longhand analysis of his own. Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.[12]

Bush hoped that the creation of this memex would be the work of scientists after World War II.[12] Though the essay predated digital computers by several years, "As We May Think," anticipated the potential social and intellectual benefits of digital media and provided the conceptual framework for digital scholarship, the World Wide Web, wikis and even social media.[11][13] It was recognized as a significant work even at the time of its publication.[12]

Impact[]

The digital revolution[]

Motorola phones in their first generation of production
See also: Digital Revolution

Since the 1960s, computing power and storage capacity have increased exponentially, largely as a result of MOSFET scaling which enables MOS transistor counts to increase at a rapid pace predicted by Moore's law.[14][15][16] Personal computers and smartphones put the ability to access, modify, store and share digital media in the hands of billions of people. Many electronic devices, from digital cameras to drones have the ability to create, transmit and view digital media. Combined with the World Wide Web and the Internet, digital media has transformed 21st century society in a way that is frequently compared to the cultural, economic and social impact of the printing press.[4][17] The change has been so rapid and so widespread that it has launched an economic transition from an industrial economy to an information-based economy, creating a new period in human history known as the Information Age or the digital revolution.[4]

The transition has created some uncertainty about definitions. Digital media, new media, multimedia, and similar terms all have a relationship to both the engineering innovations and cultural impact of digital media.[18] The blending of digital media with other media, and with cultural and social factors, is sometimes known as new media or "the new media."[19] Similarly, digital media seems to demand a new set of communications skills, called transliteracy, media literacy, or digital literacy.[20] These skills include not only the ability to read and write—traditional literacy—but the ability to navigate the Internet, evaluate sources, and create digital content.[21] The idea that we are moving toward a fully digital, paperless society is accompanied by the fear that we may soon—or currently—be facing a digital dark age, in which older media are no longer accessible on modern devices or using modern methods of scholarship.[5] Digital media has a significant, wide-ranging and complex effect on society and culture.[4]

A senior engineer at Motorola named Martin Cooper was the first person to make a phone call on April 3, 1973. He decided the first phone call should be to a rival telecommunications company saying "I'm speaking via a mobile phone".[22] However the first commercial mobile phone was released in 1983 by Motorola. In the early 1990s Nokia came into succession, with their Nokia 1011 being the first mass-produced mobile phone.[22] The Nokia Communicator 9000 became the first smartphone as it was inputed with an Intel 24 MHz CPU and had 8 MB of RAM. Smartphone users have increased by a lot over the years currently the highest countries with users include China with over 850 million users, India with over 350 million users, and in third place The United States with about 260 million users as of 2019.[23] While Android and iOS both dominate the smartphone market. A study By Gartner found that in 2016 about 88% of the worldwide smartphones were Android while iOS had a market share of about 12%.[24] About 85% of the mobile market revenue came from the mobile games.[24]

The impact of the digital revolution can also be assessed by exploring the amount of worldwide mobile smart device users there are. This can be split into 2 categories; smart phone users and smart tablet users. Worldwide there are currently 2.32 billion smartphone users across the world.[25] This figure is to exceed 2.87 billion by 2020. Smart tablet users reached a total of 1 billion in 2015, 15% of the world's population.[26]

The statistics evidence the impact of digital media communications today. What is also of relevance is the fact that the numbers of smart device users is rising rapidly yet the amount of functional uses increase daily. A smartphone or tablet can be used for hundreds of daily needs. There are currently over 1 million apps on the Apple App store.[27] These are all opportunities for digital marketing efforts. A smartphone user is impacted with digital advertising every second they open their Apple or Android device. This further evidences the digital revolution and the impact of revolution. This has resulted in a total of 13 billion dollars being paid out to the various app developers over the years.[28] This growth has fueled the development of millions of software applications. Most of these apps are able to generate income via in app advertising.[24] Gross revenue for 2020 is projected to be about $189 million.[24]

Disruption in industry[]

Compared with print media, the mass media, and other analog technologies, digital media are easy to copy, store, share and modify. This quality of digital media has led to significant changes in many industries, especially journalism, publishing, education, entertainment, and the music business. The overall effect of these changes is so far-reaching that it is difficult to quantify. For example, in movie-making, the transition from analog film cameras to digital cameras is nearly complete. The transition has economic benefits to Hollywood, making distribution easier and making it possible to add high-quality digital effects to films.[29] At the same time, it has affected the analog special effects, stunt, and animation industries in Hollywood.[30] It has imposed painful costs on small movie theaters, some of which did not or will not survive the transition to digital.[31] The effect of digital media on other media industries is similarly sweeping and complex.[30]

Between 2000 and 2015, the print newspaper advertising revenue has fallen from $60 billion to a nearly $20 billion.[32] Even one of the most popular days for papers, Sunday, has seen a 9% circulation decrease the lowest since 1945.[33]

In journalism, digital media and citizen journalism have led to the loss of thousands of jobs in print media and the bankruptcy of many major newspapers.[34] But the rise of digital journalism has also created thousands of new jobs and specializations.[35] E-books and self-publishing are changing the book industry, and digital textbooks and other media-inclusive curricula are changing primary and secondary education.[36][37]

In academia, digital media has led to a new form of scholarship, also called digital scholarship, making open access and open science possible thanks to the low cost of distribution. New fields of study have grown, such as digital humanities and digital history. It has changed the way libraries are used and their role in society.[17] Every major media, communications and academic endeavor is facing a period of transition and uncertainty related to digital media.

Often time the magazine or publisher have a Digital edition which can be referred to an electronic formatted version identical to the print version.[33] There is a huge benefit to the publisher here and it's the cost, avoiding the expense to print and deliver brings an additional benefit for the company

Decline of print ads over the years of 2008 US economic problem

Since 2004, there has been a decrease in newspaper industry employment, with only about 40,000 people working in the workforce currently.[38] Alliance of Audited Media & Publishers information during the 2008 recession, over 10% of print sales are diminished for certain magazines, with a hardship coming from only 75% of the sales advertisements as before.[33] However, in 2018, major newspapers advertising revenue was 35% from digital ads.[38]

In contrast, mobile versions of newspapers and magazines came in second with a huge growth of 135%. The New York Times has noted a 47% year of year rise in their digital subscriptions.[39] 43% of adults get news often from news websites or social media, compared with 49% for television. Pew Research also asked respondents if they got news from a streaming device on their TV – 9% of U.S. adults said that they do so often.[33]

Individual as content creator[]

See also: Social impact of YouTube
Average camera of a YouTube blogger, a Canon EOS

Digital media has also allowed individuals to be much more active in content creation.[40] Anyone with access to computers and the Internet can participate in social media and contribute their own writing, art, videos, photography and commentary to the Internet, as well as conduct business online. The dramatic reduction in the costs required to create and share content have led to a democratization of content creation as well as the creation of new types of content, like blogs, memes, and video essays. Some of these activities have also been labelled citizen journalism. This spike in user created content is due to the development of the internet as well as the way in which users interact with media today. The release of technologies such mobile devices allow for easier and quicker access to all things media.[41] Many media creation tools that were once available to only a few are now free and easy to use. The cost of devices that can access the Internet is steadily falling, and personal ownership of multiple digital devices is now becoming the standard. These elements have significantly affected political participation.[42] Digital media is seen by many scholars as having a role in Arab Spring, and crackdowns on the use of digital and social media by embattled governments are increasingly common.[43] Many governments restrict access to digital media in some way, either to prevent obscenity or in a broader form of political censorship.[44]

Over the years YouTube has grown to become a website with user generated media. This content is oftentimes not mediated by any company or agency, leading to a wide array of personalities and opinions online. Over the years, YouTube and other platforms have also shown their monetary gains, as the top 10 YouTube performers generating over 10 million dollars each year. Many of these YouTube profiles over the years have a multi camera set up as we would see on TV. Many of these creators also creating their own digital companies as their personalities grow. Personal devices have also seen an increase over the years. Over 1.5 billion users of tablets exist in this world right now and that is expected to slowly grow [45] About 20% of people in the world regularly watch their content using tablets in 2018[45]

User-generated content raises issues of privacy, credibility, civility and compensation for cultural, intellectual and artistic contributions. The spread of digital media, and the wide range of literacy and communications skills necessary to use it effectively, have deepened the digital divide between those who have access to digital media and those who don't.[46]

The rising of digital media has made the consumer's audio collection more precise and personalized. It is no longer necessary to purchase an entire album if the consumer is ultimately interested in only a few audio files.

Web-only news[]

See also: Web television and Streaming television
US Philips TV Controller with built in Netflix Streaming button

The rise of streaming services has led to a decrease of cable TV services to about 59%, while streaming services are growing at around 29%, and 9% are still users of the digital antenna.[47] TV Controllers now incorporate designated buttons for streaming platforms.[48] Users are spending an average of 1:55 with digital video each day, and only 1:44 on social networks.[49] 6 out of 10 people report viewing their television shows and news via a streaming service.[47] Platforms such as Netflix have gained attraction due to their adorability, accessibility, and for its original content.[50] Companies such as Netflix have even bought previously cancelled shows such as Designated Survivor, Lucifer, and Arrested Development.[51] As the internet becomes more and more prevalent, more companies are beginning to distribute content through internet only means. With the loss of viewers, there is a loss of revenue but not as bad as what would be expected.

Copyright challenges[]

See also: Open data, Open access, and Open source

Digital media[52] are numerical networks of interactive systems that link databases that allow users to navigate from one bit of content or webpage to another. Because of this ease, digital media poses several challenges to the current copyright and intellectual property laws.[53] The effortlessness of creating, modifying, and sharing digital media can make copyright enforcement challenging. Many copyright laws are widely seen as outdated.[54][55] For example, under current copyright law, common Internet memes are generally illegal to share in many countries.[56] Legal rights can be unclear for many common Internet activities. These include posting a pictures from someone else's social media account, writing fanfiction, or covering and/or using popular songs in content such as YouTube videos. Over the last decade, the concepts of fair use and copyright is being applied to all different types of online media.

Copyright challenges are spreading to all parts of digital media. Content creators on platforms such as YouTube must follow guidelines set by copyright, IP laws, and the platform's copyright guidelines. If these guidelines are not followed, the content will likely get demonetized, deleted, or criticized.[57] Oftentimes we see digital creators loose monetization in their content, get their content deleted, or get criticized for their content. In some instances content creators can be sued. Online times the situation occurs when creators accidentally use audio tracks or background scenes that are under copyright.[57] To avoid or resolve some of these issues, content creators can voluntarily adopt open or copyleft licenses or they can release their work to the public domain. By doing this, creators are giving up some legal rights associated with their content. Fair use is a doctrine of the US Copyright Law that allows limited use of copyrighted materials without the need to obtain permission. There are four factors that make up fair use. The first factor is purpose. Purpose means what the content is being used for, in reference to commercial, nonprofit, or educational purposes. Also, if the use adds a new aspect or meaning to the content. The second factor is what the copyrighted content is. If the content is non-fiction, it is more likely to full under fair use than if the content is a work of fiction. The third factor is how much of the copyrighted content is in use. Small pieces are more likely to be considered fair than large chunks or the real "meat" of the content. The last factor is, will the use of the copyrighted content earn money or effect the value of the content.[58]

Wikipedia uses some of the most common open licenses, Creative Commons licenses and the GNU Free Documentation License. Open licenses are part of a broader open content movement which pushes for the reduction or removal of copyright restrictions from software, data and other digital media.[59] To facilitate the collection and consumption of such licensing information and availability status, tools have been developed like the Creative Commons Search engine, used mostly for web images, and Unpaywall, used for scholarly communication.

Additional software has been developed in order to restrict access to digital media. Digital rights management (DRM) is used to lock material. This allows users to apply the media content to specific cases. For example, DRM allows movie producers to rent at a lower price instead of selling the movie at a higher one. This restricts the movie rental license length, rather than only selling the movie at full price. Additionally, DRM can prevent unauthorized modification or sharing of media.

YouTube Copyright Claim Takedown

Digital media copyright protection technologies fall under the umbrella of intellectual property protection technology. This is because a series of computer technologies protect the digital content being created and transmitted.[60] The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) provides safe harbor to intermediaries that host user content, such as YouTube, from being held liable for copyright infringement so long as they meet all required conditions. The most notable of which is the "notice and take down" policy.[61] The policy requires online intermediaries to remove and/or disable access to the content in question when there are court orders and/or allegations of illegal use of content on their site. As a result, YouTube has and continues to develop more policies and standards that go far past what the DMCA requires. YouTube has also created an algorithm which continuously scans their cite to make sure all content follows all policies.[61]

One digital media platform that has been known to have copyright concerns is the short video sharing app TikTok. TikTok is a social media app that allows its users to share short videos up to one minute in length, using a variety of visual effects and audio.[62] According to Loyola University’s Chicago School of Law, of the music used on the platform, somewhere in the realm of 50% is music that is unlicensed.[63] TikTok does have several music licensing agreements with various artists and labels, creating a library of fair and legal use music.[64] However, this does not cover all bases for its users. A user could still commit a copyright violation. An example being accidentally having music playing on a stereo in the background, or by recording a laptop screen playing a song.[65]

Online magazines or digital magazines are one of the first and largest targets for copyright issues. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations report from March 2011 the definition of this medium is when a digital magazine involves the distribution of a magazine content by electronic means; it may be a replica.[66] This definition can be considered outdated now that PDF replicas of print magazines are no longer common practice. These days digital magazines refer to magazines specifically created to be interactive digital platform such as the internet, mobile phones, private networks, iPad or other device.[66] The barriers for digital magazine distribution are thus decreasing. However, these platforms are also broadening the scope of where digital magazines can be published.[67] Smartphones being a prime example. Thanks to the improvements of tablets and other personal electronic devices, digital magazines have become much more readable and enticing through the use of graphic art.[68] Over time, the evolution of online magazines began to focus on becoming more of a social media and entertainment platforms.

Online piracy has become one of the larger issues that have occurred in regards to digital media copyright. The piracy of digital media, such as film and television, directly impact the copyright party (the owner of the copyright). This action can impact the "health" of the digital media industry. Piracy directly breaks laws and morals of copyright.[60]  Along with piracy digital media has contributed to the ability to spread false information or fake news. Due to the widespread use of digital media, fake news is able to receive more notoriety. This notoriety enhances the negative effects fake news creates. As a result, peoples' health and well-being can directly be affected.[69]

See also[]

References[]

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Further reading[]

  • Ramón Reichert, Annika Richterich, Pablo Abend, Mathias Fuchs, Karin Wenz (eds.), Digital Culture & Society.
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