Dinocephalosauridae

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Dinocephalosauridae
Temporal range: Triassic, 245–237 Ma
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Dinocephalosaurus-3a.jpg
Holotype specimen of Dinocephalosaurus orientalis, the type species
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: †Dinocephalosauridae
Spiekman et. al. 2021
Genera

Dinocephalosauridae is an extinct clade of marine and terrestrial archosauromorph reptiles that lived throughout the Triassic period. Like tanystropheids, they are characterized by their long necks, lengthened by either addition of cervical vertebrae or elongation of the individual bones.[1]

Dinocephalosaurids are known from Europe (Poland, Germany, Austria, Netherlands)[2] and China.[3] [4] Some members (i.e. Dinocephalosaurus) are solely marine animals, most likely living near the coastlines of the Tethys Ocean, while other members (i.e. Pectodens were purely terrestrial, suggesting wide ecological diversity in just the few known species in this family.

Classification[]

In 2021, a phylogenetic study was conducted by S. Spiekman, N. Fraser, and T. Schayer in an attempt to clarify the systematics of "protorosaur" groups. A total of 16 individual trees were found using different character scoring methods and unstable OTU exclusions. The results of analysis 3A, with ratio and ordered characters treated as such and pruning 5 out of 40 OTUs a posteriori to offer maximum resolution/minimum polytomies, are shown:[5]

The clade Dinocephalosauridae is defined node-basedly as "Dinocephalosaurus orientalis, Pectodens zhenyuensis, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants."[6]

Diapsida
 

Araeoscelidia

 
Neodiapsida
 

Orovenator

 
 
 

Claudiosaurus

 
 
 

Acerosodontosaurus

 
 
 

Youngina

 
Sauria
 

Lepidosauromorpha

 
Archosauromorpha
 

Jesairosaurus

 
 
 

Protorosaurus

 
 
 

Prolacerta

 
 
 
 
 
 

Czatkowiella

 
 

Sharovipterygidae (Ozimek)

 
 
 
 

Fuyuansaurus

 
Dinocephalosauridae
 

Protanystropheus

 
 

Pectodens

 
 

Dinocephalosaurus

 
 
 
 
Tanystropheidae
 
 

Macrocnemus bassanii

 
 

Macrocnemus fuyuanensis

 
 
 
 
 

Augustaburiania

 
 

Amotosaurus

 
 
 
 

Langobardisaurus

 
 

AMNH FARB 7206

 
 
 

Sclerostropheus

 
 
 

Tanystropheus hydroides

 
 

GMPKU P 1527 T. cf. hydroides

 
 

Tanystropheus longobardicus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Crocopoda
 

Allokotosauria

 
 
 

Rhynchosauria

 
 
 

Teyujagua

 
 

Archosauriformes

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
"Protorosauria"
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References[]

  1. ^ Rieppel, O. (2001). "A new species of Tanystropheus (Reptilia: Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Israel". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 221 (2): 271–287. doi:10.1127/njgpa/221/2001/271.
  2. ^ Sennikov, A. G. (2011). "New tanystropheids (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic of Europe". Paleontological Journal. 45 (1): 90–104. doi:10.1134/S0031030111010151.
  3. ^ Li, C.; Fraser, N.C.; Rieppel, O.; Zhao, L.-J.; Wang, L.-T. (2017). "A new diapsid from the Middle Triassic of southern China" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 91 (6): 1306–1312. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.12.
  4. ^ Li, C. (2003). "First record of protorosaurid reptile (Order Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 77 (4): 419–423. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00122.x.
  5. ^ Spiekman, S. N. F.; Fraser, N. C.; Scheyer, T. M. (2021). "A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other "protorosaurs", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e11143. doi:10.7717/peerj.11143. PMC 8101476. PMID 33986981.
  6. ^ Spiekman, S. N. F.; Fraser, N. C.; Scheyer, T. M. (2021). "A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other "protorosaurs", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e11143. doi:10.7717/peerj.11143. PMC 8101476. PMID 33986981.
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