Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD USSR

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Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD USSR. rus. Управление Особых Отделов при НКВД СССР, (UOO) was an organization created to conduct military Counterintelligence under one command. The main reason for the creation of UOO was to take back control from the retreating Red Army after German invasion of USSR, and to counter German espionage efforts in the Soviet Armed forces. The main tool of UOO NKVD USSR was intimidation of Red Army personnel.

History of Military Counterintelligence in Soviet Russia[]

In the beginning of newly created VCheka, the responsibility for civilian and military counterintelligence fell on the Counterintelligence Bureau or KRB. Created on January 12, 1918, they were responsible for combating internal and external espionage military and civilian activity.

From May 1918, the KRB was changed and acted as a Department for Fighting with Espionage in the framework of the Counter-Revolution and Sabotage Division within the VCheka, under the leadership of Yakov Blumkin. The department existed only until July 6, when the fight against espionage was taken over by the newly formed Military Sub-Branch, headed by Janushevski. On December 19, 1918, it was reformed again. By combining Military Sub-branch with the 1st Department (responsible for military counterintelligence) of Registration Directorate or Riegistrupr (RU) by the Field Staff Revolutionary War Council (RWSR) and renamed to the "Military Division".

Another, final name change came days later when the VCheka Military Division was renamed to VCheka Special Department or (OO), with the standard responsibilities as military and civilian secret police. At the beginning, the Special Department was also responsible for:

1. fighting against counter-revolution and sabotage in the ranks of the Red Army
2. protecting newly created state borders
3. counterintelligence and counter espionage duties in those military and civilian institutions which are essential to economy and military industry
4. Surveillance of senior commanders,
5. running foreign and domestic human intelligence network's, mainly in areas occupied by White Army and Entente intervention forces.

In charge of VCheka and its successors (GPU NKVD RSFSR/OGPU CNK), the special department was very high ranking amongst leaders of Lenin's and Stalin's secret police.

People such as the old Bolshevik's Mikhail Sergeevich Kedrov and Felix Dzerzhinsky at the time the VCheka chairman and also from March 30, 1919, from the NKVD RSFSR.Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, future OGPU chairman, Yakov Agranov then chief of Special Department 16th Section later first originating from the GUGB NKVD USSR, and 1st deputy to NKVD chead Genrikh Yagoda. In charge of the OO 14 Section, was Solomon Mogilevsky who later became head of Foreign Department

Reorganization of Soviet Security Services[]

Joseph Stalin began to exert control over Red Army commanders was by terror and repressions. He did this by consolidating his power over USSR Secret Services. Before the consolidation of NKGB was renamed back to NKVD, on June 27, 1941, in response to reports of unit disintegration in battle and desertion from the ranks in the Soviet Red Army, the 3rd NKO Directorate (military counterintelligence in Soviet Army) of the USSR's. The Narkomat of Defense issued a directive creating mobile barrier forces composed of NKVD personnel to operate on roads, railways, forests, etc. for the purpose of catching 'deserters and suspicious persons'. These forces were given the acronym SMERSH (from the Russian Smert shpionam – Death to spies).^[1] But those self-named mobile barrier forces didn't have the workforce nor manpower as the one introduced by Stalin's famous Order No. 227 and creation of Barrier troops, which were on a massive scale never seen before in the USSR.

The notorious NKVD and newly created NKGB were the main repression tools in Stalin's police state. He started by consolidating Soviet security departments under one leader and one agency. In July 1941, People's Commissariat of State Security, headed by Vsevolod Merkulov, was liquidated and its main units, the I, II, and III Directorates, supporting departments, and sections were put under NKVD control. Lavrentiy Beria was still NKVD chief with Merkulov as his first deputy. To avoid putting Beria in such a powerful position, he surrounded the NKVD head with deputies and made each of them responsible for a field of NKVD work. They officially answered directly to Beria, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs but on numerous occasions were called by Stalin's personal secretary Alexander Poskrebyshev.

Centralization of Military CI within Soviet Secret Services[]

The centralization of all Soviet counterintelligence institutions under one name and one command can be attributed to couple things. One of the most important was that after the 22 June 1941, German invasion of the USSR, the huge losses inflicted on the Red Army by the German Armed Forces, and Military counterintelligence Navy, Army branches lost control over their own armed forces.

Tragic situations on the Eastern Front which included the lost of the city of Smolensk, three hundred thousand Red Army soldiers taken as POWs, and the more important the lost of the city of Kiev, which opened up the main road to Moscow and later Operation Typhoon. Soviet leadership (headed by Joseph Stalin) convinced the retreating Red Army to stop at any cost. This job was left to secret service bosses NKVD chief Lavrenty Beria and NKGB People's Commissar for state security Vsevolod Merkulov.

Military CI under NKVD control[]

After the 22 June 1941 German invasion of the USSR, Stalin on 17 July, as Chairman of State Defense Committee, signed special decree No.187 / ss, by which military counterintelligence was returned to the NKVD as a Directorate of Special Departments or UOO, with Viktor Abakumov as chief. UOO on every level was given much more power and a freer hand in decision making than at any time since the creation of Cheka.^[2] Also on 19 July, by the order of NKVD No.00940, the UOO was moved from Moscow to the city of Kuibyshev.^[3] Navy 3rd Directorate was still under Navy control, till 11 January 1942 when it was incorporated into Directorate of Special Departments.^[4][5]

Organization of UOO NKVD on central level[]

The decision to create one Military counterintelligence organ subordinate to one command was made on July 17, 1941, by Chairman of the State Defense Committee Iosif Stalin, with the decree number GKO-187/ss.^[6]

The organization structure for Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD was approved by the People's Commissariat on August 15, 1941, and declared by NKVD USSR order number No.001305, in 1941 between September 12 and 16.

Victor Abakumov, as head of UOO NKVD USSR, had a powerful position. Not only he was in charge of whole Military counterintelligence apparatus (except the Navy branch, which was headed by Alexander Petrov as the 3rd NKVMF Directorate. He was acquired by the UOO in January 1941, but with experience from his time in the Commissar of Internal Affairs for Military counterintelligence.) Having that position, he was officially subordinate to the NKVD USSR head Lavrentiy Beria, but on a daily basis he was called to Stalin's office to answer direct questions about cases, or especially when was there was nothing new since Stalin liked to call NKGB head Merkulov or the rest of Berias deputies.

His first deputy and deputies, some of the deputies were also in charge of certain departments and responsible for coordinating proforments on central level as in field.

• chief  – (3rd rank) commissar of state security Viktor Abakumov
  • first deputy (3rd rank) Commissar of state security  – Solomon Milshtein 7/19/1941-9/24/1942
  •  – major of state security 7/17/1941-8/22/1941
  •  – division commissar (from 9/10/1941 – senior major of state security – 8/22/1941-6/30/1942
  •  – 8/22/1941- 4/29/1943
  • Lavrentiy Tsanava – 10/21/1941-4/19/1943, (3rd rank) Commissar of state security.
  • Abakumov helper colonel 8/1941–4/1943

• Secretariat headed by Yakov Broverman
• Operational Section headed by A Miusov
• 1st Department: responsible for counter-espionage and other security measures in Red Army General Staff, headed by (at the time) state security major  –
• 2nd Department – responsible for Air Force headed by (at the time) brigade commissar Aleksandr Avsyevich
• 3rd Department (responsible for armored forces, artillery, chemical and railway troops) headed by (at the time) state security captain
• 4th Department – running agent networks, and conducting operational work in the main branches of the troops headed by brigade commissar: Gregory Bolotin
• 5th Department – CI protection of Red Army rear, headed by .
• 6th Department  – NKVD troops headed by
• 7th department – searches, registration of operational informants and agents. Counterintelligence work within newly mobilized units headed by state security major
• 8th Department  – (ciphers) headed by M. Sharikov
• Investigation Unit  – at the time State Security Kapitan

UOO at the field & OSO NKVD and political commissars role in prosecution of RKKA and civilian cases[]

Immediately after the German attack of June 22 1941, martial law was declared in USSR. Military tribunals were charged with hearing not only cases of servicemen, if they involved threats to the defense of the Soviet Union or state security. At this time, the USSR's penal code allowed the OO's officers to prosecute civilian cases under the criminal code paragraph 58-9 (diversions). In a couple cases, it took civilians very little to be challenged and shot. In this case, factory workers were arrested by OO officers that were responsible for protection of the military factory for dropping ranch by accident, making a small fire. The man tried was arrested and charged for diversion (sabotage) and shot, while his wife was sentenced 15 years in a Gulag.

Cases were prosecuted within 24 hours after the person was charged. Initially, tribunals were obligated to get Moscow's approval for every death sentence. On July 27, 1941, this requirement was abolished. By September 1941, commander's and political commissars of division were also given the right to confer the death sentence. Executions were carried out immediately.

When Stalin signed order #270, he also signed other orders in purpose to give more power to political commissars and OO officers in field from corps and down the and going down through military ranks. He also required all level commander's to report names of all serviceman taken as POW's and the familys.

Table of UOO representatives in the Red Army fronts[]

Back to three separate units and creating GURK SMERSH[]

Resolution No. 414-138 ss ordered the NKVD's Directorate of Special Departments to be split into three separate military counterintelligence units, within the NKO, Navy Commissariat and NKVD, respectively, as has been done in early 1941. The same order that created GUKR SMERSH within the NKO created a parallel organisation within the Navy Commissariat, the NKVMF. This organization was known as the Navy UKR SMERSH and headed by and his two deputies and . In reality, Gladkov reported to Abakumov, by then deputy Commissar of the NKO for Counterintelligence, and Stalin's deputy. Formally Gladkov was subordinate to his superior People's Commissar Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, head of Navy.

Notes[]