District councils of Hong Kong

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District council
Traditional Chinese	區議會
Simplified Chinese	区议会
showTranscriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Qūyìhuì Wade–Giles Chʻü¹-i⁴-hui⁴ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Kēui yi wúi Jyutping Keoi1 ji3 wui2

The district councils, formerly district boards until 1999, are the local councils for the 18 districts of Hong Kong.

History[]

Before establishment[]

This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:District councils of Hong Kong. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

An early basis for the delivery of local services were the Kaifong associations, set up in 1949. However, by the 1960s, these had ceased to represent local interests, and so, in 1968, the government established the first local administrative structure with the city district offices, which were intended to enable it to mobilise support for its policies and programmes, such as in health and crime-reduction campaigns. An aim was also to monitor the grass roots, following the 1967 riots.^[1]

Under the Community Involvement Plan, launched in the early 1970s, Hong Kong and Kowloon were divided into 74 areas, each of around 45,000 people. For each, an 'area committee' of twenty members was then appointed by the city district officers, and was comprised, for the first time, of members from all sectors of the local community, led by an unofficial member of the Legislative Council (Legco). The initial purpose was to help implement the 'Clean Hong Kong' campaign, by distributing publicity material to local people. This was held to be a success.^[1]

A next stage in the government's effort to increase local engagement and influence was the setting up, in June 1973, of mutual aid committees (MACs) in high-rise residential buildings. These were described in Legco as "a group of responsible citizens, resident in the same multi-storey building who work together to solve common problems of cleanliness and security." In fact, they were tightly controlled by the government. With government encouragement, the number of such committees increased rapidly in these private buildings, from 1,214 in 1973 to 3,463 in 1980. The scheme was extended to public housing estates, of which 800 had MACs in 1980, as well as factories and in the New Territories.^[1]

The next development was the establishment of eight district advisory boards in the districts of the New Territories, starting with Tsuen Wan in 1977. The boards, whose members were appointed, were more formally constituted than the city district boards, charged with advising on local matters, recommending minor district works, and conducting cultural and recreational activities.

Establishment to present[]

Then in 1982, under the governorship of Sir Murray MacLehose, the district boards were established under the District Administration Scheme. The aim was to improve co-ordination of government activities in the provision of services and facilities at the district level and the boards initially took over the roles of the district advisory boards.^[1][2]

At first, the boards comprised only appointed members and government officials, but from 1982, a proportion of each was elected.^[1] In an attempt to inject a democratic element into the Legislative Council, the government introduced a model where some legislators were elected indirectly by members of the district councils. Twelve legislators were returned by an 'electoral college' of district councillors in 1985. The practice was repeated in 1988 and 1995.^[3]

After the HKSAR was established, as part of the 'through train', the district boards became provisional district boards, composed of all the original members of the boards supplemented by others appointed by the chief executive. (Under the British administration, the Governor had refrained from appointing any member.)

Later in early 1999 a bill was passed in the Legislative Council providing mainly for the establishment, composition and functions of the District Councils, which would replace the Provisional District Boards. The 27 ex officio seats of Rural Committees, abolished by the colonial authorities, were reinstated. The government rejected any public survey or referendum on the issue, saying that it had been studying the issue since 1997, and had received 98 favourable submissions. The self-proclaimed pro-democracy camp dubbed the move "a setback to the pace of democracy" because it was a throwback to the colonial era.^[4]

In 2010, the government proposed that five legislators be added to district council functional constituencies, and be elected by proportional representation of elected DC members.^[5] In a politically controversial deal between the Democratic Party and the Beijing government, this was changed to allow the five seats to be elected by those members of the general electorate who did not otherwise have a functional constituency vote.

Operation[]

Functions[]

The councils are mandated to advise the Government on the following:

• matters affecting the well-being of people in the District;
• the provision and use of public facilities and services within the District;
• the adequacy and priorities of Government programmes for the District;
• the use of public funds allocated to the District for local public works and community activities; and

District councils also undertake the following within the respective districts with its available funds allocated by the government:

• environmental improvements;
• the promotion of recreational and cultural activities; and
• community activities

Constituencies[]

There were a total of 534 district council members in the third term (2008–11), of which –

• 405 are returned by direct election, each from the constituencies in the 18 districts by a "First past the post" system,
• 27 are ex officio members (當然議員) (Rural Committees Chairmen in the New Territories), and
• 102 are appointed members by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

Starting from the fourth District Council Election, the total number of district council members has reduced from 534 to 507, of which –

• 412 are returned by direct election
• 27 are ex officio members (當然議員) (Rural Committees Chairmen in the New Territories), and
• 68 are appointed members by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

Councils[]

There is a district council for each of the following eighteen districts. The number in parentheses corresponds to the number shown on the map at the right.

• Hong Kong Island
  • Central and Western District (15)
  • Eastern District (16)
  • Southern District (17)
  • Wan Chai District (18)
• Kowloon (including New Kowloon)
  • Kowloon City District (10)
  • Kwun Tong District (11)
  • Sham Shui Po District (12)
  • Wong Tai Sin District (13)
  • Yau Tsim Mong District (14)
• New Territories
  • Islands District (1)
  • Kwai Tsing District (2)
  • North District (3)
  • Sai Kung District (4)
  • Sha Tin District (5)
  • Tai Po District (6)
  • Tsuen Wan District (7)
  • Tuen Mun District (8)
  • Yuen Long District (9)

Composition[]

Term of office	Chairmen	Non-officials				Officials	Overall
		Elected members	Appointed members	Ex-officio members (rural committee chairmen)	Urban council members
1982–85 District board (1.4.82 - 31.3.85)	District officers	132	134	27	30	167	490
1985–88 District board (1.4.85 - 31.3.88)	Elected from among DB members	237	132	27	30	—	426
1988–91 District board (1.4.88 - 31.3.91)	Elected from among DB members	264	141	27	30	—	462
1991–94 District board (1.4.91 - 30.9.94)	Elected from among DB members	274	140	27	—	—	441
1994–97 District board (1.10.94 - 30.6.97)	Elected from among DB members	346	—	27	—	—	373
1997–99 Provisional district board (1.7.97 - 31.12.99)	Elected from among PDB members	—	469	—	—	—	469
2000–03 District council (1.1.00 - 31.12.03)	Elected from among DC members	390	102	27	—	—	519
2004–07 District council (1.1.04 - 31.12.07)	Elected from among DC members	400	102	27	—	—	529
2008–11 District council (1.1.08 - 31.12.11)	Elected from among DC members	405	102	27	—	—	534
2012–15 District council (1.1.12 - 31.12.15)	Elected from among DC members	412	68	27	—	—	507
2016–19 District council (1.1.16 - 31.12.19)	Elected from among DC members	431	—	27	—	—	458
2020–23 District council (1.1.20 - 31.12.23)	Elected from among DC members	452	—	27	—	—	479

Source: Review of the Roles, Functions and Composition

Political make-up of the councils[]

As of 2 January 2020:

		Council/ Party	CW	WC	E	S	YTM	SSP	KC	WTS	KT	TW	TM	YL	N	TP	SK	ST	KWT	I	TOTAL
		Democratic	7		4	7	4	2	10	6	9	3	7	7	5			6	12	1	90
		Civic			5	1	1	4		2	4	3						7	3	2	32
		ND										2			3	4	9	1			19
		ADPL						11		3			5								19
		CST																8			8
		TCHD										1	2	4							7
		Labour			2							1	2				1	1			7
		CGPLTKO															6				6
		CM					5														5
		CA														4	1				5
		TMCN											4								4
		NWSC												1					3		4
		TSWC												4							4
		TPDA														3					3
		VSA	2	1																	3
		Civ Passion												1		1					2
		DA												2							2
		DTW										2									2
		TKOP															2				2
		LSD			1													1			2
		SKC															2				2
		TKOS															2				2
		PP								1											1
													1								1
																			1		1
													1								1
								1													1
					1																1
		TWCN										1									1
		KEC									1										1
									1												1
											1										1
														1							1
		Ind & others	5	8	19	7	7	4	4	13	13	3	6	13	7	7	3	16	8	4	147
Pro-democrats			14	9	32	15	17	22	15	25	28	16	28	33	15	19	26	40	27	7	388
		DAB			1		1	2	4		6		1		1			1	3	1	21
		FTU			1						1	1	1		1						5
		Liberal	1	1	1	1			1												5
		BPA							3				1					1			5
		FPHE									2	1									3
		Roundtable											1						1		2
		Ind & others		3		1	2		2		3	2		12	5	2	5		1	10	48
Pro-Beijing			1	4	3	2	3	2	10	0	12	4	4	12	7	2	5	2	5	11	89
		Others						1				1									2
Vacant
Councillors			15	13	35	17	20	25	25	25	40	21	32	45	22	21	31	42	32	18	479

Terms of office[]

Under the district councillor appointment system, 102 district councillors out of 534 are picked by the chief executive. The remainder are democratically elected by voters in each district. In June 2010, the government announced it would make proposals on whether to scrap the system in the next Legco year, from October 2010.^[6]

Independence[]

The party affiliations and politics in the Legislative Council can be echoed in the district councils, who have sometimes been accused of slavishly supporting the government. Professor Li Pang-kwong, of Lingnan University, says that the problematic framework of the councils, being under the Home Affairs Bureau, has led them to work too closely with the government. He cites the example of the "copy and paste" Queen's Pier motions passed by thirteen councils to support government decisions as a rubber-stamp, and a clear sign that councils lacked independence. Li recalled a similar government "consultation" on universal suffrage in 2007, in which two-thirds of the councils passed a vote in support of its position. After it was revealed that the government was behind the concerted district councils' motions in 2008 supporting the relocation of Queen's Pier, Albert Ho condemned the government for tampering with district councils to "create public opinion", and for turning district officers into propagandists.^[7]

Elections[]

1999 District council elections[]

In 1999, Tung Chee Hwa appointed 100 members to the district councils. These included 41 from various political parties, namely the Liberal Party, the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance. No democrats were appointed.^[8]

2003 District council elections[]

In 2003, Tung appointed 21 political party appointees to the district councils to dilute the influence of the pan-democrats as follows:^[9]

• eight members of the Liberal Party
• six members of the DAB
• six members from the Progressive Alliance
• one from the New Century Forum

Professor of politics and sociology at Lingnan University, Dr. Li Pang-kwong said "As in the past, most of the appointees were pro-government or persons without a clear political stance... ensur[ing] that no district council is in the hands of the democrats."^[8] A spokesman for the democrats said the appointees "will have an unfair advantage in that they are getting financial support from the government which will help them run for office in future elections."^[8] After this election, this election would abolish the appointed members of the Hong Kong district councils.

2007 District council elections[]

In December 2007, Donald Tsang named 27 government-appointed council members.^[9]

• 13 members of the Liberal Party
• 11 members of the DAB
• three members from the Federation of Trade Unions

Tsang was criticised for not appointing a single member of the pan-democrats in either 2003 or 2007.^[9]

2011 District council elections[]

After the election, Donald Tsang appointed 68 members, none of them from the pan-democrat camp.

2015 District council elections[]

2019 District council elections[]

See also[]

• Districts of Hong Kong
• Legislative Council of Hong Kong
• Politics of Hong Kong
• Pro-Beijing camp
• Pro-democracy camp

References[]

• De Golyer, Michael (13 October 2005). Building a backbone, Commentary, The Standard.

Footnotes[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to District councils of Hong Kong.

• District Councils official website