Djupadal Formation

Djupadal Formation Stratigraphic range: Latest Pliensbachian-Toarcian(?) ~183–180 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Nearby Volcanic neck suggest 176.7 ± 0.5 Ma, Middle-Late Toarcian Age
Reconstruction of the environment at Korsaröd, based mostly on modern Rotorua
Type	Formation
Unit of	Central Skåne Volcanic Province
Sub-units	Korsaröd Lagerstatten
Underlies	Cuaternary Sediments
Overlies	, Brandsberga and Kolleberga erratics and probably the Sapropel at
Thickness	Up to 60 m (200 ft)[1]
Lithology
Primary	Basalt Tuff, Veined Gneiss[1]
Other	Sandstone, Clay and Conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	55°59′N 13°38′E / 55.98°N 13.63°E / 55.98; 13.63Coordinates: 55°59′N 13°38′E / 55.98°N 13.63°E / 55.98; 13.63
Approximate paleocoordinates	Aprox. 35°N
Region	Central Skåne County
Country	Sweden
Extent	1000 km2
Type section
Named for	Djupadalsmölla, Ljungbyhed
Named by	Carita Augustsson[2]
Djupadal Formation (Sweden) Korsaröd Lagerstätten Location

The Djupadal Formation is a geologic formation in Skåne County, southern Sweden. It is Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian-Toarcian, or Late Toarcian) in age. It is part of the Central Skåne Volcanic Province, know by the discovery of basalt tuff layers, including , and Djupadal. An original analysis of the location of Korsaröd led to a Toarcian-Aalenian age,^[3][4][5] but was dismissed in 2016, when a series of Palynogical samples recovered a Late Pliensbachian and probably Lower Toarcian age for the Korsaröd Outcrop.^[6] The same year this result was also challenged by an in-depth study of the Lilla Hagstad neck that yield a Late Toarcian Age.^[7] The formation was deposited in the Central Skane region, linked to the late early Jurassic volcanism. The Korsaröd member includes a volcanic-derived Lagerstatten with exceptional fern finds.^[8] The data provided by fossilized wood rings showed that the location of Korsaröd hosted a middle-latitude Mediterranean-type biome in the late Early Jurassic, with low rainfall ratio, delayed to seasonal events. Superimposed on this climate were the effects of a local active and hydrothermal activity.^[9]

Description[]

Djupadalsmölla, the original location has been known due to its volcanic Tuff and other volcanoclastic-derived facies.^[10] It was originally described in 1826 as the local basalts where identified as coming from ancient volcanic eruptions.^[11] The exposure of , located near Höör was where the first volcanic neck was discovered, with other volcanic remnants mentioned on and along with the tuff at Djupadalsmölla.^[12] These deposits were described as volcanic rocks composed mostly by tuff, that includes basaltic bombs (composed by Pyroxene and pseudomorphs from this, along with Olivine on adjacent pyroclastics), accidental lithics and occasional wood from conifers, in the form of small pieces to large logs.^[13] At Djupadal the Rönne River has cut a 20 m deep valley mainly in the Precambrian basement, where Lower Jurassic strata (including volcanic tuff) form part of the southern valley side, and also occur in the valley northwestwards, indicating that the valley is partly an exhumed sub-Jurassic depression.^[4] The modern strata of the Valley is over a Late Weichselian melt-water channel and it also contains eroded fluvioglacial deposits.^[14] A nearby roadcut shows kaolinized basement beneath the Toarcian sediments and a nearby boring has penetrated 44 m of kaolinized Gneiss.^[4] The Valley Bottom exposes small ridges and cupolas (in gneiss) and tors (mainly in Amphibolite).^[4] The Djupadalsmölla pyroclastic reaches almost 10 m high and 20 m wide, with pyroclastics appearing also through the west more than 100 m, along the valley of the Rönne River.^[15] It is composed by a 3 m thick sequence of jurassic rocks, starting overlying the kaolinized basement of Paleozoic Gneiss with 2 m of sandstone-claystone series ending with a single metre of green-brownish turfaceous rocks.^[16] The strata is composed by mostly small Lapilli (around 30–50% of the content) and ash (-10 mm), with some samples being red in patches. Tuff concretions are recovered locally composed mostly of coarse ash, with rich amounts of Calcite and Wood pieces.^[17] This composition indicates moderate explosivity on the genesis of the materials, relating the eruption products with short transport paths, as show little mechanical weathering, also corroborated by the thick layering and the low amount of basaltic bombs reported, while the correlation of wood and lapilli indicates a terrestrial deposition.^[18] All together shows local , linked probably to a coeval rift, as recovered by the presence of more than 100 coeval volcanic necks in central Scania.^[19] Dominating the Djupadal formation is moderately sorted lapilli tuff with abundant scoria, what indicates moderate explosivity, giving the eruption products short transport paths, preventing extensive mechanical weathering, that would create rounded fragments and large amounts of ash, that along thick layers and decimetre sized bsaltic bombs are clear signs of closeness to the volcanic source.^[18] The presence of wood, together with the moderately sorted lapilli tuff, indicate a terrestrial depositional environment, probably influenced by freshwater deposits.^[18] It as suggested to be deposited on a mash-freswater setting that was influeced by a debris flow, mixing plants and sediments on a downhill transport, probably from the nearby Äskekull Volcano. ^[20]

On Koholma, a 0.5 m of green-brown trufaceous rocks, composed mostly by large clasts of crystalline rocks along lapilli and abundant plant remains, all identical to those seen on Djupadalsmölla, and also suggested to be derived form silding flows from a nearby volcano.^[20]

On Snälleröd (65 m thick, 44 m saprolite) samples taken, compared with the ones from the bottom of the road cut at Djupadal at 1.5 km NNE of this last one showed massive, soft lumps of a white, fine-grained material lacking any visually detectable grains of primary minerals, where only chemical data showed that this material is highly depleted in Calcium, Potassium and Sodium with significant kaolinization. The kaolinized rock has Kaolinite content exceeding 85%.^[4] The samples taken at the NNE of Djudapal shows angular, gravel-sized material contains less altered granules of gneiss, remnant Feldspar and Quartz on a fraction dominated by Smectite, unlike the previous kaolinite-dominated ones, although this last one is also abundant.^[4]

The Korsaröd Lagerstatten is located also on central Scania, and represents the best outcrop of the formation, leading to exquisitely preserved (with fossilized nuclei and chromosomes) specimens of ferns of the extant genus Osmundastrum.^[21][22] This location was linked by Ulf Sivhed in 1984 with the Dajupadal Formation.^[5] What was corroborated by recent studies.^[23] It is also composed by volcaniclastic deposits, located at 380 m WNW of the nearest basaltic volcanic plug.^[24] It is composed by mafic clasts agruped with agglomerates, oriented to this volcanic plug, coming probably from it or nearby ones.^[24] Its clasts are angular and poorly sorted, recovered on a series of layers whose timing is uncertain, as there is no probe if represent discrete episodes separated by intervals of non-deposition or is result of variations due to a high-energy depositional setting.^[24] Like in the Dajupadalsmölla type deposit, there is a great abundance of ash/mud content of the deposit filled with chaotic distributed wood fossil, what leds to the interpretation that this was a lahar deposit.^[24] This location has been compared with modern Rotorua, New Zealand, considered an analogue for the type of environment represented in southern Sweden at this time.^[25]

Eneskogen, Bonnarp and Säte volcanic necks are the main coeval of the Formation.^[26] While Bonnarp (5–6 m height and covers roughly 5,000 square meters, covered by Jurassic sediments) is calculated to have at least 185.4+4.6 Ma (Middle Pliensbachian), Säte (Comprise two basalt pipes, each roughly 6–10 m high and some 10,000 square meters in area) yielded 180.0+0.7 Ma and Eneskogen (A large hill covered by quaternary sediments. Some few boulders and basalt pillars were exposed) 182.1+0.6 Ma, both Lower Toarcian in age.^[27] It recovers one of the tree major mesozoic volcanic events on Skåne.^[28] Säte & Bonnarp volcanic strata is composed by Basanite, being the first Glassy Facies, and the second microcrystalline, while Eneskogen also microcrystalline, is dominated by .^[29] Bonarp has a very special character, which differed considerably from the normal cone of a Stratovolcano.^[30] At Bonarp, between the crystalline basement and the basalt tuff, a sedimentary layer sequence intervenes, alternating sandy and clayey layers.^[30] The layers linked to the volcano consists of sand and clay stones with thin coal seams, with bottom redistributed disturbed layers of kaolin.^[30] The overall appearance of the Bonarp volcano suggests that local tectonic movements were more or less complete when the eruption began.^[30] The pre-basaltic weathering process was also a deep kaolinization of the crystalline basement (, Djupadal). At Bonarp the basement is also deeply decomposed.^[31]

Age[]

Tralau (1973) measured the age for the local deposits, stablishing that where typical Middle Late Triassic to Lias strata, with absent Middle Jurassic sediments, with the exception of the volcanic event ejecting the tuffs in Korsaröd, stating that they took place in the Middle Toarcian.^[32] Radiometric ages obtained by using K–Ar techniques scatter in a wide range between 171 and 179 Ma.^[33] Following works on the 80s and 90s recovered also this original datation, putting this and the Dajupadalsmölla outcrop on the Toarcian-Aalenian boundary, as example of latest lower jurassic volcanism on the region. In 2006-2009 a depth study of the Volcanic Plugs led to stablish a range 191 –178 Ma based on 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock ages for samples derived from eight basanite–nephelinite plugs.^[34][35] The Palynological studies on the 2014 tougth, changed the perspective of the age of the location, proposing a more fitting Late Pliensbachian.^[36] In 2016 an in depth palynological study of the Korsaröd section led to stablish a Pliensbachian–early Toarcian(?) age, based on the high presence of the genus elatoides (Pinales) and Eucommiidites troedsonii (Erdtmanithecales).^[37] Other more recent works support that the outcrop is Toarcian in age, with a more recent work recovering a high-precision 40Ar/39Ar anorthoclase feldspar age of 176.7 ± 0.5 Ma (2-sigma), Late Toarcian.^[38] This confirmed Tralau Original palynology results and the Paleomagnetic Studies done in 1993.^[39] The formation overlies the , and is time-equivalent with the Rydebäck and Katslösa members of the Rya Formation on NW Skane, the Röddinge Formation of the and the Sorthat Formation of Denmark, with which it shares the abundance of Fern-derived material.^[40] The formation also correlates with the of the , and the of the Øresund Basin.^[41]

Pseudofungi[]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Peronosporomycetes[42]	Peronosporomycetes Indeterminate	Korsaröd	Oogonia Ellipsoidal spores Reticulum?	A parasite/saprotroph Pseudofungal Protist, Incertade sedis inside Peronosporomycetes. Was recovered from the petiole of the holotype of Osmundastrum puchellum and interpreted as a peronosporomycete with parasitic or saprotrophic relation with this part of the plant. If the identification of the oogonia of peronosporomycetes is correct, then this implies regularly moist conditions for the growth of Osmundastrum pulchellum and this is consistent with the general habitat preferences of extant Osmundastrum.[42]	Extant Phytophthora, a Pseudofungal protist with sparsely bullate ornament, like the ones found Osmundastrum pulchellum

Fungi[]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Fungi[42]	Fungi Indeterminate	Korsaröd	Spores Hyphae	A Fungus, Incertade sedis inside Fungi. From the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum where recovered thread-like structures, identified as derived from a pathogenic or saprotrophic fungus invading necrotic tissues of the host plant. The fungus' interaction with the plant was probably mycorrhizal.[42]	Extant Microglossum, a saprotrophic fungus, whose Hypae are similar to the ones found Osmundastrum pulchellum

Palynology[]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
[43]	Leiosphaera sp. A (Gross) Leiosphaera sp. B (Thin)	Bonnarp Volcano	Acritarchs	An Acritarch, that can be both from Green/Red Algal origin.
[43]	Leiofusa jurassica	Bonnarp Volcano	Acritarchs	An Acritarch, that can be both from Green/Red Algal origin.
[43]	Micrhystridium inconspicuum Micrhystridium stellatum Micrhystridium cf. fragile	Bonnarp Volcano	Acritarchs	An Acritarch, that can be both from Green/Red Algal and Sphagnopsida origin.
[43]	Nannoceratopsis cf. pellucida	Bonnarp Volcano	Cysts	A Marine/Brackish Dinoflajellate, type member of the family .
[43]	Cymatiosphaera sp.	Bonnarp Volcano	Cysts	A Marine/Brackish Dinoflajellate, member of the family inside Gonyaulacales.
Botryococcus[44]	Botryococcus braunii	Korsaröd	Miospores	A Freshwater Algae, type member of Botryococcaceae inside Chlorophyta. Goes from a 2%, being the most abundant algae on some samples to lack any presence on others.[44]	Extant Botryococcus
Pediastrum[44]	Pediastrum sp.	Korsaröd	Miospores	A Freshwater Algae, member of Hydrodictyaceae inside Chlorophyceae. The less abundant algae sampled locally.[44]	Extant Pediastrum
[44]	Lecaniella sp.	Korsaröd	Miospores	A Freshwater Algae, member of Zygnemataceae inside Charophyceae. On some samples is the only recovered algae, with a proportion of near a 3%.[44]
[36][45]	Stereisporites antiquasporis Stereisporites seebergensis Stereisporites psilatus	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, member of Sphagnaceae inside Sphagnopsida. The major recovered Bryophyte spore, with less than 1.5% of the total samples.[45]	Extant Sphagnum, typical example of Sphagnaceae. probably come from a similar or a related Plant
[45]	Polycingulatisporites sp.	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, related with the family Notothyladaceae inside Anthocerotopsida. Very scarce, with less than 1.1% on all the samples.[45]
[45]	Neoraistrickia sp.	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Selaginellaceae or Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopsida. The most abundant Lycopsid spore recovered locally, with near a 3.4% on some samples.[45]	Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae. probably come from a similar or a related Plant
[45]	Retitriletes austroclavatidites Retitriletes clavatoides Retitriletes semimuris	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopsida. Diverse, but less abundant, with a ratio of 1% by sample.[45]	Extant Austrolycopodium, typical example of Lycopodiaceae. probably come from a similar or a related Plant
[46]	Densoisporites crassus	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Pleuromeiaceae, Selaginellaceae and Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida.
[45]	Calamospora tener	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Rare, with a 4.3% on a single sample.[45]	Extant Equisetum cone, the typical example of the Equisetopsida. spores are pretty similar to the extant ones
[45]	Conbaculatisporites mesozoicus	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, incertade sedis inside Filicopsida. Scarce, with less than 2.3% on the samples.[45]
[36][45]	Striatella seebergensis	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Pteridaceae inside Filicopsida. Very scarce, with less than 1.5% on all the samples.[45]
[47]	Lycopodiacidites rugulatus	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Ophioglossaceae inside Filicopsida.	Extant Ophioglossum, typical example of the Ophioglossaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[36][45]	Marattisporites scabratus	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Marattiaceae inside Filicopsida. The second most abundant spore recovered on the location, with 3-14% on the samples.[45]	Extant Marattia, typical example of the Marattiaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[36][45][43]	Osmundacidites wellmanii	Korsaröd Bonnarp Volcano	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida. Can reach a 10% on some samples.[45]	Extant Osmunda, typical example of the Osmundaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[47][44]	Todisporites major Todisporites minor	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida. Very scarce, with less than 1–3.1% on all the samples.[44]	Extant Osmunda, typical example of the Osmundaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[48]	Baculatisporites comaumensis	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae or Hymenophyllaceae inside Filicopsida.	Extant Hymenophyllum, typical example of the Hymenophyllaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[45][49]	Deltoidospora toralis	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, related with Cyatheaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Gleicheniaceae and Schizaeaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.[49]
[43]	Gleicheniidites sp.	Bonnarp Volcano	Spores	A Miospore, related with Gleicheniaceae inside Filicopsida.
[43]	Concavisporites sp.	Bonnarp Volcano	Spores	A Miospore, related with Cibotiaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Matoniaceae and Dipteridaceae inside Filicopsida.
[45][49]	Cibotiumspora jurienensis	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, related with Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.[49] Present on various samples with ratios from 1-1.5%.[45]
[50]	Zebrasporites interscriptus	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, related with Cyatheaceae inside Filicopsida. Arboreal Fern Miospores.	Extant Cyathea, typical example of the Cyatheaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[45][49][43]	Cyathidites australis Cyathidites minor	Korsaröd Bonnarp Volcano	Spores	A Miospore, related with Cyatheaceae or Adiantaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.[49] It is the most common independent palynologycal residue recovered on Korsaröd, with Cyathidites spp. occuping a 21%.[45] Cyathidites minor almost certainly belong to well known Mesozoic species Coniopteris hymenophylloides and to other fossil cyatheaceous or dicksoniaceous ferns such as lobifolia and Dicksonia mariopteri.	Extant Cyathea, typical example of the Cyatheaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[51]	Contignisporites problematicus	Korsaröd	Spores	A Miospore, related with Cibotiaceae inside Filicopsida.	Extant Cibotium, typical example of the Cibotiaceae. may have come from a similar genus
[36][45]	Vitreisporites pallidus	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, afinnities with Caytoniales inside . Scarce, with around a 1% on all samples.[45]
[52][44]	Alisporites grandis Alisporites robustus	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Umkomasiaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae and Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae, but also inside Coniferophyta. A. grandis reaches near a 10% on some samples.[44]
	Ovalipollis sp.	Bonnarp Volcano	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Peltaspermaceae inside Pteridospermae.
Eucommiidites[36][44][43]	Eucommiidites troedssonii Eucommiidites sp.	Korsaröd Bonnarp Volcano	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, afinnities with Erdtmanithecales inside Spermatophytes. Moderately abundant, with around a 3-10% on all samples.[44] The Gymnosperms that produced Eucommiidites troedsonii pollen possibly dominated the understorey vegetation.
[43]	Bennettitaceaeacuminella sp.	Bonnarp Volcano	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Cycadeoidaceae and Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.
[36][44]	Monosulcites punctatus	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, incertade sedis inside Cycadopsida. It also can be pollen from Ginkgoaceae. Very rare, with less than 0.5% on all samples.[44]	Extant Encephalartos, typical example of the Cycas. Pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus
[36][44]	Chasmatosporites apertus Chasmatosporites elegans Chasmatosporites hians	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, incertade sedis inside Cycadopsida, Corystospermaceae and Araucariaceae. Rare, with around a 0.7-1% on all samples.[44]	Extant Encephalartos, typical example of the Cycas. Pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus. Alternatively, it maybe come from Ginkos or Gnetales
Ginkgoites[44]	Ginkgoites nitidus	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Ginkgoales inside Ginkgophyta. Very rare, with less than 1% on all samples.[44]	Extant Ginkgo, only surviving example of the Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgoites Pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus
[44]	Rugaletes sp.	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, incertade sedis inside Coniferophyta. Around a 7.5% on all the samples.[44]
[44]	Quadraeculina anaellaeformis	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta. Around a 1–3.9% on all the samples.[44]
[44][43]	Cerebropollenites mesozoicus Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus Cerebropollenites thiergartii	Korsaröd Bonnarp Volcano	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Abietoideae, Taxodiaceae, Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae and Sciadopityaceae inside Coniferophyta. Around 1-1.5% on all the samples.[44] Pollen From arbustive to arboreal plants, resembling the pollen of the modern genus Tsuga. The differences observed between Cerebropollenites and Tsuga are no greater than the differences observed between the pollen of the two Sections of Tsuga, Hesperopeuce and Micropeuce.	Extant Tsuga Cone, example of the Abietoideae. is similar to the pollen found on this genus
[44]	Pinuspollenites minimus	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta. Around a 1–4.5% on the samples.[44]	Extant Pinus cembra Cone, example of the Pinidae. is similar to the pollen found on this genus
[44]	Cedripites sp.	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta. Rare, with around a 1.5% on all samples.[44]	Extant Cedrus Cone, example of the Pinidae. is similar to the pollen found on this genus
[36][44][43]	Classopollis classoides	Korsaröd Bonnarp Volcano	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferophyta. Moderately abundant, with around a 1.5-9% on all samples.[44]
[44]	Spheripollenites psilatus Spheripollenites subgranulatus	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferophyta. Scarce, around a 1.5–3.9% on all the samples.[44]
[53]	Parvisaccites enigmatus	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta.	Extant Podocarpus Cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. is similar to the pollen found on this genus
[36][44]	Perinopollenites elatoides	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. The most abundant pollen recovered locally, with near a 30% on some samples.[44]	Extant Thuja Cone, example of the Cupressaceae. is similar to the pollen found on this genus
[44]	Araucariacites australis	Korsaröd	Pollen	A Pollen Grain, afinnities with Araucariaceae inside Coniferophyta. Rare, with around a 1.5% on all samples.[44]	Extant Araucaria Cone, example of the Araucariaceae. is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Megaflora[]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
?[54]	Selaginellites? sp.	Korsaröd	Epiphytic lycopsid roots	A small herbaceous epiphytic lycopsid, Incertade sedis inside Lycopsida. External exotic roots are preserved within detritus-filled cavities between the petiole bases of Osmundastrum pulchellum, with wall thickenings similar to the vasculature evident in ancient and modern herbaceous lycopsids.[55]	Extant Selaginella, a Lycopsid that grows its roots on floor ferns
Osmundastrum[56][57]	Osmundastrum pulchellum	Korsaröd	Rizhome Xylem cylinder Leaf traces Roots Nuclei & Chromosomes Subcellular Detail Biotic Interactions Preserved Ongoing Mitosis	A small (50 cm tall) Royal Fern, member of Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida. The most known fossil of the location, thanks to its exceptional fossilized Rhizome, that has preserved Nuclei and Chromosomes, a fine subcellular detail has rarely been documented in fossils.[58] Its Rooted in DNA content was used to extrapolate relative genome, finding relationships with extant Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, and confirmed a monophyletic Osmunda.[59]	Osmundastrum pulchellum rhizome
[60]	Ptilophyllum sp.	Korsaröd	Leaf Impression	A Bennetite, afinnities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. This single impression of a bennettitalean leaf fragment found in a fine ash layer constituted the only foliar remains identified within the volcaniclastic deposit.	Example of leaf

Fossil Wood[]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
[61]	Protophyllocladoxylon sp.	Korsaröd Djupadal Karup Färingtofta Snalleröd Sjöberga Säte Knutshög Bonnarp	Carbonised pieces Isolated fragments Chaotic aggregations in a weathered volcaniclastic agglomerate Large logs	A Conifer, affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. The only diagnostic wood recovered locally, identified based on the possession of uniseriate rays with smooth walls, pointed oblique oopores, absence of axial parenchyma, and tracheid radial walls. It resembles the extant Thuja plicata, but hosts a mean rings more similar to Juniperus thurifera. A few fossil wood specimens clearly represent portions of large trunks, with at least one fragment derived from a trunk of 1.68 m in diameter (with stimated c.5.3 m). Although, most specimens represent lateral branches or even roots of small size (10 cm long and 5 cm wide).[62] Its growth rings are distinct in all wood samples.[63]	Permineralized wood with a branch trace recovered from the volcaniclastic sediments at Korsaröd

Arachnida[]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Oribatida[49]	Oribatida Indeterminate	Korsaröd	Excavated areas filled with coprolites	A Mite, Incertade sedis inside Oribatida. On the petiole of Osmundastrum puchellum excavations up to 715 μm in diameter are evident, filled with pellets that resemble the coprolites of Oribatid mites found also on Paleozoic and Mesozoic Woods.[49]	example of Oribatida mite

See also[]

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Sweden
• Kristianstad Basin
• Toarcian formations

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Vajda, V.; Linderson, H.; McLoughlin, S. (2016). "Disrupted vegetation as a response to Jurassic volcanism in southern Sweden". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 434 (1): 127–147. Bibcode:2016GSLSP.434..127V. doi:10.1144/SP434.17. S2CID 53626549. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
• McLoughlin, S.; Bomfleur, B. (2016). "Biotic interactions in an exceptionally well preserved osmundaceous fern rhizome from the Early Jurassic of Sweden". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 464 (1): 86–96. Bibcode:2016PPP...464...86M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.044.
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