Elections in El Salvador

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The government of El Salvador is a presidential representative democratic republic.

El Salvador elects its head of state – the President of El Salvador – directly through a fixed-date general election whose winner is decided by absolute majority. If an absolute majority (50% + 1) is not achieved by any candidate in the first round of a presidential election, then a run-off election is conducted 30 days later between the two candidates who obtained the most votes in the first round. The presidential period is five years. Consecutive re-election is not permitted, though previously elected presidents may run for a second, non-consecutive term.

Salvadorans also elect a single-chamber, unicameral national legislature – the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador – composed of 84 members (deputies). They are elected by open-list proportional representation for three-year terms, with the possibility of immediate re-election. All 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of 14 multi-member constituencies (corresponding to El Salvador's 14 departments). They range from 3-16 seats each according to department population size.

Political culture[]

El Salvador has a multi-party system. Two political parties, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) have tended to dominate elections. ARENA candidates won four consecutive presidential elections until the election of Mauricio Funes of the FMLN in March 2009.

Geographically, the departments of the Central region, especially the capital and the coastal regions, known as departamentos rojos, or red departments, are relatively Leftist. The departamentos azules, or blue departments in the east, western and highland regions are relatively conservative.

Schedule[]

Election[]

Position 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Type Gubernatorial (March)
National Congress (March)
None Presidential (March) National Congress (March)
Gubernatorial (March)
None
President and
vice president
None President and vice president None
National Congress All seats None All seats None
Provinces, cities and municipalities All positions None All positions None

Inauguration[]

Position 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Type Gubernatorial (June)
National Congress (June)
None Presidential (June)
National Congress (June)
None
President and
vice president
None 1 June None
National Congress 1 May None 1 May None
Provinces, cities and municipalities 1 May None 1 May None

Presidential elections[]

1915[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Carlos Meléndez Ramirez National Democratic Party 100
Invalid or blank votes
Total 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1919[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Jorge Meléndez National Democratic Party 185,492 100
Invalid or blank votes
Total 185,492 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1923[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Alfonso Quiñónez Molina National Democratic Party 100
Invalid or blank votes
Total 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1927[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Pío Romero Bosque National Democratic Party 192,860 100
Invalid or blank votes
Total 192,860 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1931[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Arturo Araujo -National Republican Party 106,777 46.65
64,280 28.09
34,499 15.07
18,399 8.04
4,911 2.15
Invalid or blank votes
Total 228,866 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1935[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez National Pro Patria Party 329,555 100
Invalid or blank votes
Total 329,555 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1939[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez National Pro Patria Party 210,810 100
Invalid or blank votes
Total 210,810 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1944[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez National Pro Patria Party 100
Invalid or blank votes
Total 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1945[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Salvador Castaneda Castro 312,754 99.70
Osmín Aguirre y Salinas Social Democratic Party 690 0.22
165 0.05
55 0.02
29 0.01
1 0.00
Invalid or blank votes
Total 313,694 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1950[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Óscar Osorio Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification 345,139 56.45
266,271 43.55
Invalid or blank votes 36,256
Total 647,666 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1956[]

Candidate Party Votes %
José María Lemus Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification 677,748 95.20
22,659 3.18
11,524 1.62
Invalid or blank votes
Total 711,931 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1962[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo National Conciliation Party 368,801 100
Invalid or blank votes 31,317
Total 400,118 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1967[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Fidel Sánchez Hernández National Conciliation Party 267,447 54.37
Christian Democratic Party 106,358 21.26
Fabio Castillo Figueroa 70,978 14.43
Alvaro Magaña 47,111 9.58
Invalid or blank votes
Total 491,894 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1972[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Arturo Armando Molina National Conciliation Party 334,600 43.42
José Napoleón Duarte National Opposing Union 324,756 42.14
94,367 12.25
José Alberto Medrano 16,871 2.19
Invalid or blank votes 35,763
Total 806,357 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1977[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Carlos Humberto Romero National Conciliation Party 812,281 67.30
Ernesto Antonio Claramount Roseville National Opposing Union 394,661 32.70
Invalid or blank votes
Total 1,206,942 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1982[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Álvaro Magaña -National Conciliation Party-Christian Democratic Party 36 60.00
Nationalist Republican Alliance 17 28.33
Invalid or blank votes 7
Total 60 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1984[]

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
José Napoleón Duarte Christian Democratic Party 549,727 43.41 752,625 53.59
Roberto D'Aubuisson Nationalist Republican Alliance 376,917 29.77 651,741 46.41
National Conciliation Party 244,556 19.31
43,939 3.47
24,395 1.92
15,430 1.22
6,645 0.52
4,677 0.37
Invalid/blank votes 153,217 119,713
Total 1,419,503 100 1,524,079 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ? ? ?
Source:

1989[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Alfredo Cristiani Nationalist Republican Alliance 505,370 53.8
Christian Democratic Party 342,732 36.5
National Conciliation Party 38,218 4.1
Guillermo Ungo 35,642 3.8
9,300 1.0
4,609 0.5
Ricardo Molina 3,207 0.3
Invalid or blank votes 64,075
Total 1,003,153 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

1994[]

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Armando Calderón Sol Nationalist Republican Alliance 641,108 49.0 818,264 68.3
Rubén Zamora Rivas Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front- 325,582 24.9 378,980 31.7
Christian Democratic Party 214,277 16.4
National Conciliation Party 70,504 5.4
Jorge Martínez 31,502 2.4
13,841 1.1
10,843 0.8
Invalid/blank votes 103,663 48,976
Total 1,411,320 100 1,246,220 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ? ? ?
Source:

1999[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Francisco Flores Pérez Nationalist Republican Alliance 614,268 51.96
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front- 343,472 29.05
Rubén Zamora United Democratic Centre 88,640 7.50
Rodolfo Parker Christian Democratic Party 67,207 5.68
National Conciliation Party 45,140 3.82
19,269 1.63
4,252 0.36
Invalid or blank votes 40,967
Total 1,223,215 100
Registered voters/turnout ? ?
Source:

2004[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Antonio Saca Nationalist Republican Alliance 1,314,436 57.71
Schafik Handal Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 812,519 35.68
Christian Democratic Party 88,737 3.90
National Conciliation Party 61,781 2.71
Invalid or blank votes 40,508
Total 2,277,473 100
Registered voters/turnout 3,442,330 67.30
Source:

2009[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Mauricio Funes Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 1,354,000 51.32
Rodrigo Ávila Nationalist Republican Alliance 1,284,588 48.68
Invalid or blank votes 20,550
Total 2,638,588 100
Registered voters/turnout 4,294,849 61.90
Source: TSE 1, TSE 2 Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine

2014[]

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Salvador Sánchez Cerén Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 1,315,768 48.93 1,495,815 50.11
Norman Quijano Nationalist Republican Alliance 1,047,592 38.96 1,489,451 49.89
Antonio Saca Unity Movement 307,603 11.44
11,314 0.42
6,659 0.25
Invalid/blank votes 34,310 19,579
Total 2,723,246 100 3,004,845 100
Registered voters/turnout 4,955,107 54.96 4,955,107 60.64
Source: TSE[1][2]

2019[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Nayib Bukele Grand Alliance for National Unity 1,434,856 53.10
Carlos Calleja Nationalist Republican Alliance 857,084 31.72
Hugo Martínez Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 389,289 14.41
Vamos 20,763 0.77
Invalid or blank votes 31,186
Total 2,733,178 100
Registered voters/turnout 5,268,411 51.88
Source: TSE

Legislative elections[]

1928[]

Summary of the January 1928 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Nacional) 100% 42 Steady 0
Totals 100.00% 42

1931[]

Summary of the 11-13 January 1931 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
(Partido de Labor Salvadoreño)
National Republican Party (Partido de Republicano Nacional)
(Partido Zaratista)
(Partido de Desarrollo Nacional) 34,960 3.76 0
(Partido Fraternal Progresivo)
(Partido Constitucional)
Totals 100.00% 42

1932[]

The 1932 Salvadoran legislative election occurred between 3-5 January 1932 but the results were cancelled by President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez.[3] Further elections for 10-12 January were also cancelled.[4]

1936[]

The 1936 Salvadoran legislative election occurred in January 1936 but no results were published.[5]

1939[]

Summary of the January 1939 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Pro Patria Party (Partido Nacional Pro-Patria) 210,810 100% 42 Increase 42
Totals 210,810 100.00% 42

1944[]

The 1944 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election occurred in January 1944 but no results were published.[6]

1950[]

Summary of the 26-29 March 1950 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 345,139 56.45% 38 Increase 38
(Partido de Acción Renovado) 266,271 43.55% 14 Increase 14
Totals 647,666 100.00% 52 Increase 10

1952[]

Summary of the March 1952 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 700,979 100% 54 Increase 16
Totals 700,979 100.00% 54 Increase 2

1954[]

Summary of the March 1954 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 100% 54 Steady 0
Totals 100.00% 54

1956[]

Summary of the 15 May 1956 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 552,000 94.4% 54 Steady 0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional) 33,000 5.6% 0 Steady 0
Totals 585,000 100.00% 54

1958[]

Summary of the 23 March 1958 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 450,000 100% 54 Steady 0
Totals 450,000 100.00% 54

1960[]

Summary of the 24 April 1960 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 368,545 87.7% 54 Steady 0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional) 51,557 12.3% 0 Steady 0
Totals 420,102 100.00% 54

1961[]

Summary of the 17 December 1961 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 207,701 60.1% 54 Increase 54
(Unión de Partidos Democráticos) 64,916 18.8% 0 Steady 0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional) 49,300 14.3% 0 Steady 0
(Partido Constitutcional Auténtico) 23,665 6.8% 0 Steady 0
Totals 345,582 100.00% 54

1964[]

Summary of the 8 March 1964 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 176,620 58.6% 32 Decrease 22
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 77,315 26.1% 14 Increase 14
(Partido de Acción Renovando) 45,499 15.3% 6 Increase 6
Totals 269,434 100.00% 52 Decrease 2

1966[]

Summary of the 13 March 1966 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 207,586 53.6% 31 Decrease 1
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 120,645 31.2% 15 Increase 1
(Partido de Acción Renovando) 26,661 6.9% 4 Decrease 2
(Partido Republicano de Evolución Nacional) 22,960 5.9% 1 Increase 1
(Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 9,303 2.4% 1 Increase 1
Totals 387,155 100.00% 52

1968[]

Summary of the 10 March 1968 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 212,661 47.7% 27 Decrease 4
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 193,248 43.3% 19 Increase 4
(Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 22,748 5.9% 4 Increase 3
(Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional) 17,449 3.9% 2 Increase 2
Totals 492,037 100.00% 52

1970[]

Summary of the 8 March 1970 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 315,560 59.8% 34 Increase 7
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 142,659 27.0% 16 Decrease 3
(Unión Democrático Nacional) 32,450 6.1% 1 Increase 1
(Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 28,606 5.4% 1 Decrease 3
(Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional) 8,832 1.7% 0 Decrease 2
Totals 622,570 100.00% 52

1972[]

Summary of the 12 March 1972 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 353,775 67.4% 39 Increase 5
National Opposing Union (Unión Nacional de Opuesto) 119,194 22.8% 8 Decrease 9
(Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 31,790 6.1% 4 Increase 3
(Frente Democrático Independiente Unido) 20,194 3.8% 1 Increase 1
Totals 634,651 100.00% 52

1974[]

Summary of the 10 March 1974 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 36 Decrease 3
National Opposing Union (Unión Nacional de Opuesto) 15 Increase 7
(Frente Democrático Independiente Unido) 1 Steady 0
Totals 100.00% 52

1976[]

Summary of the 14 March 1976 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 52 Increase 18
Totals 100.00% 52

1978[]

Summary of the 12 March 1978 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 766,673 90.3% 50 Decrease 2
(Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 82,535 9.7% 4 Increase 4
Totals 849,208 100.00% 54 Increase 2

1982[]

Summary of the 28 March 1982 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 590,644 40.2% 24 Increase 24
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 430,205 29.3% 19 Increase 19
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 273,383 18.6% 14 Decrease 36
(Acción Democrático) 112,787 7.7% 2 Increase 2
(Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 44,900 3.1% 1 Decrease 3
(Partido de Orientación Popular) 17,378 7.7% 0 Steady 0
Totals 1,660,393 100.00% 60 Increase 6

1985[]

Summary of the 31 March 1985 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 505,338 52.4% 33 Increase 9
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 286,665 29.7% 13 Decrease 6
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 80,730 8.3% 12 Decrease 2
(Partido Institucional Auténtico Salvadoreño) 36,101 3.7% 1 Increase 1
(Acción Democrático) 35,565 3.7% 1 Decrease 1
(Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 16,344 1.7% 0 Decrease 1
(Partido de Acción Renovando) 2,963 0.3% 0 Steady 0
(Partido de Orientación Popular) 836 0.1% 0 Steady 0
(Movimiento Centristo Republicano Estable) 689 0.1% 0 Steady 0
Totals 1,101,606 100.00% 60

1988[]

Summary of the 20 March 1988 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 447,696 48.1% 31 Increase 18
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 326,716 35.1% 22 Decrease 11
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 78,756 8.5% 7 Decrease 5
Liberation Party (Partido de Liberación) 34,960 3.8% 0 Steady 0
(Partido Institucional Auténtico Salvadoreño) 19,609 2.1% 0 Decrease 1
(Acción Democrático) 16,211 1.7% 0 Decrease 1
(Partido de Acción Renovando) 5,059 0.5% 0 Steady 0
(Partido de Orientación Popular) 1,742 0.2% 0 Steady 0
Totals 1,150,934 100.00% 60

1991[]

Summary of the 10 March 1991 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 466,091 44.3% 39 Increase 8
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 294,029 28.0% 26 Increase 4
(Convergencia Democrática) 127,855 12.2% 8 Increase 8
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 94,531 9.0% 9 Increase 2
(Movimiento Cristiano Democrático Auténtico) 33,971 3.2% 1 Increase 1
(Unión Democrática Nacionalista) 28,206 2.7% 1 Increase 1
(Acción Democrático) 6,798 0.7% 0 Steady
Totals 1,150,934 100.00% 84 Increase 24

1994[]

Summary of the 20 March 1994 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 605,775 45.03% 39 Steady 0
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional) 287,811 21.39% 21 Increase 21
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 240,451 17.87% 18 Decrease 8
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 83,520 6.21% 4 Decrease 5
(Convergencia Democrática) 59,843 4.45% 1 Decrease 7
(Movimiento de Unidad) 33,510 2.49% 1 Increase 1
(Movimiento de Solidaridad Nacional) 12,827 0.95% 0 Steady 0
(Movimiento Cristiano Democrático Auténtico) 12,109 0.90% 0 Decrease 1
National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional) 9,431 0.70% 0 Steady 0
Totals 1,453,299 100.00% 84

1997[]

2000[]

2003[]

2006[]

2009[]

2012[]

AsambleaSV2020.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance897,05439.8033+1
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front827,52236.7231–4
Grand Alliance for National Unity217,4479.6511New
National Coalition Party 163,2097.247–4
Christian Democratic Party 61,7722.741–4
Democratic Change 47,7472.1210
National Liberal Party14,0710.620New
Popular Party11,1320.490New
Independents13,7420.610New
Total2,253,696100.00840
Valid votes2,253,69695.11
Invalid/blank votes115,7544.89
Total votes2,369,450100.00
Registered voters/turnout4,564,96951.91
Source: Election Resources, TSE

2015[]

2018[]

2021[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "TSE El Salvador – Elecciones Presidenciales 2014 – Escrutinio Final". Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
  2. ^ "TSE El Salvador – Segunda Elección Presidencial 2014 – Escrutinio Final". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-08.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. ^ Lungo Uclés, Mario (1996) El Salvador in the eighties: counterinsurgency and revolution Philadelphia: Temple University Press, p 114
  4. ^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p 277 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
  5. ^ Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27
  6. ^ Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27
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