Energy law
Part of a series on |
Environmental law |
---|
![]() |
Pollution control law |
|
Natural resources law |
|
Reference materials |
|
Related topics |
|
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/I-80_Eastshore_Fwy.jpg/220px-I-80_Eastshore_Fwy.jpg)
Energy laws govern the use and taxation of energy, both renewable and non-renewable. These laws are the primary authorities (such as caselaw, statutes, rules, regulations and edicts) related to energy. In contrast, energy policy refers to the policy and politics of energy.
Energy law includes the legal provision for oil, gasoline, and "extraction taxes." The practice of energy law includes contracts for siting, extraction, licenses for the acquisition and ownership rights in oil and gas both under the soil before discovery and after its capture, and adjudication regarding those rights.
Renewable energy law[]
International law[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png/220px-Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png)
There is a growing academic interest in ,[1] including continuing legal education seminars,[2][3] treatises,[4][5] law reviews,[6] and graduate courses.[7] In the same line, there has been growing interest on energy-specific issues and their particular relation with international trade and connected organizations like the World Trade Organization.[8]
Africa[]
Egypt's Energy in Egypt is regulated by The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Egypt, which is the government ministry in charge of managing and regulating the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Egypt. Its headquarters are in Cairo. The current minister as of 2020 is Mohamed Shaker.[9] The ministry was established in 1964 with presidential decree No. 147.[citation needed] The famous Aswan High Dam, which produces electricity, is government owned and regulated; its construction required the removal of Abu Simbel temples and the Temple of Dendur.
Ghana has a regulatory body over energy, the Energy Commission.
Nigeria's government owns the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.
Uganda has adopted a new nuclear power law, which it hopes "will boost technical cooperation between the country and the International Atomic Energy Agency," according to "a senior agency official" from that African country.[10]
Australia[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Energy_Australia_Building.jpg/220px-Energy_Australia_Building.jpg)
Energy is big business in Australia. The Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association represents 98% of the oil and gas producers in Australia.[11]
Canada[]
Canada has an extensive energy law, both through the federation and the provinces, especially Alberta.[12][13][14] These include:
- Alternative Fuels Act ( 1995, c. 20 ) [15]
- Cooperative Energy Act ( 1980-81-82-83, c. 108 )[16]
- Energy Administration Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-6 )[17]
- Energy Monitoring Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-8 )[18]
- Nuclear Energy Act ( R.S., 1985, c. A-16 ) [19]
- Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act ( R.S., 1985, c. O-7 )[20]
- Canada Petroleum Resources Act ( 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) ) [21]
- National Energy Board Act ( R.S., 1985, c. N-7 ) [22]
- Electricity and Gas Inspection Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-4 ) [23]
There is some academic interest in the energy law of Canada, with looseleaf periodical services,[24] monographs,[25] and consultation with lawyers specializing in that practice,[26] available.
The Supreme Court of Canada has had issued some Canadian energy case law.[27]
Canada's energy laws are so extensive and complicated in large part because of its government-owned energy resources:
The oil sands are gold not only for the oil companies, but also for Alberta's provincial government, which owns the mineral rights to virtually all the land and has encouraged the industry for three-quarters of a century.
— Robert Kunzig, National Geographic, March 2009, p. 49 (emphasis in original)[28]
Canada and the Quebec province also own extensive hydroelectric dam facilities, which have generated not only power but controversy.[29]
China[]
European Union[]
European energy law has been focused on the legal mechanisms for managing short-term disruptions to the continent's energy supply, such as Germany's 1974 Law to Secure the Energy Supply.[30] The European integrated hydrogen project was a European Union project to integrate United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) guidelines and create a basis of ECE regulation of hydrogen vehicles and the necessary infrastructure replacing national legislation and regulations. The aim of this project was enhancing of the safety of hydrogen vehicles and harmonizing their licensing and approval process.[31]
Five nations have created the EurObserv'ER energy consortium. The EU has also created an Energy Community to extend their policies into Southeastern Europe. Austuraiu hosts the annual World Sustainable Energy Days.
Germany[]
Germany's renewable energy law mandates the use of renewable energy through its taxes and tariffs. It promotes the development of renewable energy sources via a system of feed-in tariffs. It regulates the amount of energy generated by the producer and the type of renewable energy source. It also creates an incentive to encourage technological advancements and costs.[32] The results have been startling: on 6 June 2014, more than half of the nation's energy used on that date came from solar power.[33] Despite regulatory processes adding more renewable energy to its energy mix, Germany's electric grid has become more reliable, not less.[34]
The German government has proposed abandoning "its planned phase-out of nuclear energy to help rein in surging electricity prices and protect the environment, according to proposals drawn up by an energy task force under Economy Minister Michael Glos."[35] The German Green Party has opposed nuclear energy, as well as the market power of German utilities, claiming the "energy shortfall" has been artificially created.[36]
There is significant academic interest in German energy law.[37] A chart summarizing German energy legislation is available.[38]
Italy[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg/220px-Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg)
Italy has few natural resources. lacking substantial deposits of iron, coal, or oil. Proven natural gas reserves, mainly in the Po Valley and offshore Adriatic, constitute the country's most important mineral resource. More than 80% of the country's energy sources are imported. The energy sector is highly dependent on imports from abroad: in 2006 the country imported more than 86% of its total energy consumption.[39][40]
In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy, ranking as the world's fifth largest solar energy producer in 2009[41][42] and the sixth largest producer of wind power in 2008.[43]
In 1987, after the Chernobyl disaster, a large majority of Italians passed a referendum opting for phasing out nuclear power. The government responded by closing existing nuclear power plants and completely putting a halt to the national nuclear program. Italy also imports about 16% of its electricity need from France for 6.5 GWe, which makes it the world's biggest importer of electricity. Due to its reliance on expensive fossil fuels and imports, Italians pay approximately 45% more than the EU average for electricity.[44]
In 2004, a new Energy Law brought the possibility of joint ventures with foreign companies to build nuclear power plants and import electricity. In 2005, Italy's power company, ENEL made an agreement with Electricite de France for 200 MWe from a nuclear reactor in France and potentially an additional 1,000 MWe from new construction.[44] As part of the agreement, ENEL received a 12.5% stake in the project and direct involvement in design, construction, and operation of the plants. In another move, ENEL also bought 66% of the Slovak Electric utility that operates six nuclear reactors. As part of this agreement, ENEL will pay the Slovak government EUR 1.6 billion to complete a nuclear power plant in Mochovce, which has a gross output of 942 MWe. With these agreements, Italy has managed to access nuclear power without placing reactors on Italian territory.[44]
Lithuania[]
The nation of Lithuania has an energy law, Energetikos teisė.[45]
Ukraine[]
In Ukraine, renewable energy projects are supported by a feed-in tariff system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy"[46] refers to alternative energy sources: solar, wind, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine and hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill biogas and others. Ukrainian National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission[47] and State Agency on Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine[48] are the main renewable energy regulation authorities.[49] Reforms have been made by Ukrainian government in alternative energy sphere. There is a need of energy savings services in Ukraine.[50] Its potential reaches about 5 billion EUR only in state-owned buildings.
Ukraine has a separate regulatory agency to manage the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.
Other European countries[]
Albania has an established the Albanian Institute of Oil and Gas.[51]
There is significant geothermal power in Iceland; about 80% of the nation's energy needs are met by geothermal sources, all of which is owned by the government, or regulated by it.
India[]
Iraq[]
Technically, Iraq has no energy law, but proposed legislation has been pending for almost five years as of early 2012.
The Iraqi Oil Ministry awards contracts to only a few companies. As of July 2014, there are 23 established oil companies, but only 17 banking corporations in Iraq.
Israel[]
The Israel Energy Sources Law, 5750-1989 ("Energy Law"), defines what is considered as "energy" and "energy source" and its purpose is to regulate the exploitation of energy sources whilst ensuring the efficiently of its use. Under the Energy Law, certain regulation methods of measurement have been nominated by the Israel legislature in order to regulate the efficiency of the use of the energy source. In addition to which entity shall be entitled to the pursuit and use of such sources.
Furthermore, in Israel there are certain additional laws that deal with the use of energy sources, such as the Natural Gas Sector Law,[52] 5762-2002 which provides the conditions for the development of the natural gas sphere in Israel, and the Electricity Sector Law, 5756–1996, which established the "Public Utility Authority – Electricity" which publishes directives and regulations for the use of renewable electricity sources, including solar energy and hydro-energy.
Japan[]
Prior to the earthquake and tsunami of March 2011, and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it, Japan generated 30% of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40%.[55]
Nuclear energy was a national strategic priority in Japan, but there had been concern about the ability of Japan's nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity. The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007.[56]
The 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on March 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared. 140,000 residents were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing.[57] On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years.[58][59][60][61][62]
Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, "more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are anti-nuclear and distrust government information on radiation".[63][64][65]
As of October 2011, there have been electricity shortages, but Japan survived the summer without the extensive blackouts that had been predicted.[66][67][68] An energy white paper, approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011, says "public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged" by the Fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power.[69]
Many of Japan's nuclear plants have been closed, or their operation has been suspended for safety inspections. The last of Japan's 54 reactors (Tomari-3) went offline for maintenance on May 5, 2012.,[70] leaving Japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power for the first time since 1970. Despite protests, on 1 July 2012 unit 3 of the Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted.[71] As of September 2012, Ōi units 3 and 4 are Japan's only operating nuclear power plants, although the city and prefecture of Osaka have requested they be shut down.[72]
The United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan is a bilateral agreement aimed at putting in place a framework for the joint research and development of nuclear energy technology, which was signed on April 18, 2007.[73] It is believed that the agreement is the first that the US has signed to develop nuclear power technologies with another country,[74] although Japan has agreements with Australia, Canada, China, France, and the United Kingdom.[75] Under the plan, the United States and Japan would each conduct research into fast reactor technology, fuel cycle technology, advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors, safeguards and physical protection; and nuclear waste management, which it to be coordinated by a joint steering committee.[76] The treaty's progress has been in limbo since the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.
The Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) is a government-owned company involved in fossil-fuel energy exploration, amongst other activities. In 2013, its corporate workers first extracted Methane clathrate from seabed deposits.[77][78]
Malaysia[]
Malaysia heavily regulates its energy sector.
From 1982 to 1992, the Government of Sabah owned Sabah Gas Industries for the downstream operations of Sabah natural gas resources, based in Labuan, Malaysia,[79][80][81] which was put up for privatization.[81][82] Its methanol plant was sold to Petronas and operates today as Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd.[79][83][84] The power station was sold to Sabah Electricity.[79]
Philippines[]
Philippines law has provisions concerning energy, fossil fuels, and renewable energy.[85] Energy law in the Philippines is important because that nation is one of the fastest growing in Asia, and has over 80 million residents.
The earliest Philippine energy law dates from 1903, during the American Commonwealth, Act No. 667, concerning franchises for utilities,[85][86] and Act No. 1022, which allowed such to have mortgages.[87] A uniform law in 1929 allowed for new utilities.[85][88]
The first coal mining law, known as the Coal Land Act, dates to 1917.[85][89] Oil exploration was allowed in a 1920 law.[85][90] The Mining Act (1936) [91] has been amended several times by acts and decrees.[85][92]
The first hydroelectric power law dates from 1933,[85][93] and have been updated since, including one that created the National Power Corporation,[94] and has been amended several times through 1967.[85][95] The Renewable Energy Law (2009) encourages the development and use of non-traditional energy sources.[96]
Russia[]
Saudi Arabia[]
Saudi Arabia has some laws concerning energy, especially oil and gas law. Saudi Arabia is the largest oil producer in the world and therefore its energy law has great influence over the world's overall energy supply. Under the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, all its oil and gas wealth belongs to the government: "All Allah's bestowed wealth, be it under the ground, on the surface or in national territorial waters, in the land or maritime domains under the state's control, are the property of the state as defined by law. The law defines means of exploiting, protecting, and developing such wealth in the interests of the state, its security, and economy."[97] Energy taxes are also specifically allowed; Article 20 of the basic law states, "Taxes and fees are to be imposed on a basis of justice and only when the need for them arises. Imposition, amendment, revocation, and exemption are only permitted by law."[98]
Two ministries of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia share the responsibility of the energy sector: the Ministry of Oil and the Ministry of Water and Electricity.[99][100] The country's laws have also established other agencies that have some legal powers, but are not strictly regulatory. These include Saudi Aramco, originally a joint venture between the Kingdom and the California-Arabian Standard Oil, but now wholly owned by the Kingdom, and Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies (SCECOs).[citation needed]
Nigeria[]
Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa and is the 11th largest producer in the world. The energy law in the country covers oil and gas, and other sources of power generation. It also has a strong law and policy in the renewable energy source of power generation in the country. The rural electrification project has also taken root in the energy law in the country.
Singapore[]
Turkey[]
Turkey's old Petroleum Law was in effect for 70 years until 2013, when it enacted a new Petroleum Law, number 6491. Amongst other provisions, it extends the permissible years for drilling permits, reduces a fee, and eliminates a state monopoly.[101]
United Kingdom[]
The United Kingdom started the process of leaving the European community as of January 2020.
United States[]
This section concerns the law of the United States, as well as the states that are the most populous or largest producers of energy.
In the United States, energy is regulated extensively through the United States Department of Energy, as well as state regulatory agencies.
Every state, the Federal government, and the District of Columbia collect some motor vehicle excise taxes.[102] Specifically, these are excise taxes on gasoline, diesel fuel, and gasohol.[102] While many states in the western U.S.A. rely to a great deal on severance taxes (taxes on mineral extraction), most states get a relatively small amount of their revenue from such sources.[103]
See also[]
- Effects of 2000s energy crisis
General energy topics[]
- Energy form
- Energy conservation
- Energy economics
- Energy markets and energy derivatives
- Hydraulic fracturing
- Induced seismicity
- List of energy topics
- World energy resources and consumption
- World oil market chronology from 2003
Specific laws and policies[]
- Atomic Energy Basic Law
- Correlative rights doctrine
- Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos
- Easement
- Electric bicycle laws
- Energy policy of the European Union
- Energy Charter Treaty
- Energy Star
- Energy security
- Feed-in Tariff
- Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing
- List of energy regulatory bodies
- List of environmental lawsuits
- Nuclear energy policy
- Petrobangla – Bangladesh state energy corporation
Academic think-tanks and associations[]
- Alliance to Save Energy
- Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy
- Institute on the Environment
- Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership
- RETScreen
- The Energy and Resources Institute
- Université Laval
- University of Wyoming
Renewable and alternative energy sources[]
Part of a series on |
Renewable energy |
---|
![]() |
|
|
- Alternative propulsion
- Clean Energy Trends
- Clean Tech Nation
- Concentrated solar power
- Efficient energy use
- Electric vehicle
- Geothermal power
- Global warming
- Green banking
- Hydro One
- Intermittent power source
- International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels
- List of renewable energy topics by country
- Ocean energy
- Passive solar building design
- Plug-in hybrid
- Renewable energy commercialization
- Renewable heat
- Solar power
- Sustainable design
- The Clean Tech Revolution
- V2G
Awards and standards[]
- Ashden Awards
- ISO 14001
- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
References[]
- ^ Search Engine results for "international energy law" reveals over 15,000 titles, see Google search results. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ "International Energy Law, Contracts, and Negotiations" (PDF). Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation. Archived from the original (brochure) on March 20, 2009.
- ^ International Bar Association, Section on Energy and Natural Resources Law (1984). International Energy Law: Houston, 1984. M. Bender. Proceedings of a conference held in Houston, Tex.
- ^ Deketelaere, Kurt R. (2002). International Encyclopaedia of Laws: Energy Law. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-90-411-1405-1.
- ^ Rex J. Zedalis, "International Energy Law" (Ashgate 2000) ISBN 978-0-7546-2164-5 found at Google books. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ International Energy Law and Taxation Review (Int Energ Law Taxat Rev) Published by Sweet & Maxwell. ISSN 1472-4529. Found at Journal seek website. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ Catherine Redgwell, Course Syllabus, "International energy law," Course Code: LAWSG086, Masters of Law (LLM) at UCL, found at UCL website Archived 2009-03-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ Farah, Paolo Davide; Cima, Elena (September 2013). "Energy Trade and the WTO: Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel". Journal of International Economic Law. 16 (3): 707–740. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgt024. SSRN 2330416.
- ^ "BREAKING: New government swears in". Cairo Post. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
- ^ Uganda's new atomic energy law, from New Vision (UK) website Archived June 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ "About APPEA". APPEA website.
- ^ Lexadin website. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Canada Energy Law Service website Archived January 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Alberta Canada government energy regulation website Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
- ^ Canada Department of Justice government website page on Alternative Fuels Act Archived January 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ "Cooperative Energy Act". Canada Department of Justice. Archived from the original on July 15, 2006.
- ^ "Energy Administration Act". Canada Department of Justice. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006.
- ^ "Energy Monitoring Act". Canada Department of Justice. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006.
- ^ Canada Department of Justice government website page on Nuclear Energy Act Archived October 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ "Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act". Canada Department of Justice. Archived from the original on July 16, 2006.
- ^ Canada Department of Justice government website page on Canada Petroleum Resources Act ( 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) ) Archived September 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Canada Department of Justice government website page on National Energy Board Act ( R.S., 1985, c. N-7 ) Archived December 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Canada Department of Justice government website page on Electricity and Gas Inspection Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-4 ) Archived December 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Canadian Institute of Resources Law, "Canada Energy Law Service ISBN 978-0-88820-410-3 (Carswell, starting in 1990). Found at Carswell website, Open Library website and Canadian Institute of Resources Law website Archived January 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ David Osigbernhe Iyalomh, Thesis, "Environmental Regulation of the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: Lessons from Alberta's Experience," (University of Alberta 1998), found at national Library of Canada website. (.pdf) Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP website Archived 2009-03-20 at the Wayback Machine. (.pdf) Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ See, e.g., ATCO Gas & Pipelines Ltd. v. Alberta (Energy & Utilities Board), 2006 SCC 4, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 140 (concerning jurisdiction and standard of judicial review) found at U Montreal website. Retrieved March 10, 2009. Archived February 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Robert Kunzig, "The Canadian Oil Boom: Scraping Bottom: Once considered too expensive, as well as too damaging to the land, exploitation of Alberta's oil sands is now a gamble worth billns," National Geographic, March 2009, pp. 1, 34–59, quote at 49 (photographs by ).
- ^ Katrina Kieltyka, "Sierra Club fighting plan to buy Canadian power: Say hydroelectric dams would harm indigenous people," Legislative Gazette, March 16, 2009, p. 21, available at Legislative Gazette archives Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (.pdf file). Retrieved March 20, 2009.
- ^ Terence Daintith and Leigh Hancher, Energy strategy in Europe: the legal framework, pp. 3, 16, 26, 37–9, 97–8, 102. (European University Institute, Series A, Volume 4) (Walter de Gruyter, 1986) ISBN 978-0-89925-173-8. Found at Google Books. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ^ Can Cars Come Clean?: Strategies for Low-Emission Vehicles. OECD. 2004. p. 113. ISBN 978-92-64-10497-6. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^ English translation of EEG legislation Archived March 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 2008.
- ^ HoundDog (pseudonym) (23 June 2014). "50% of Germany's electricity produced by solar in one hour on June 6, also achieves grid parity". DailyKos. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
- ^ Spross, Jeff (August 12, 2014). "Germany Added A Lot Of Wind And Solar Power, And Its Electric Grid Became More Reliable". Think Progress. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- ^ Bloomberg News story about German proposal. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ Interview, "Green Party Energy Expert Höhn: 'The Nuclear Industry Has Invented the Energy Shortfall'" Spiegel, found at Spiegel Online. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ See for example, vetek.de Homepage des Instituts für Energie- und Regulierungsrecht Berlin e.V. (In German, English, Russian, and Spanish). Retrieved March 30, 2009.
- ^ Overview of legislation governing Germany's energy supply system: key strategies, acts, directives, and regulations / ordinances (PDF). Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). May 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ Eurostat. "Energy, transport and environment indicators" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 23, 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ Eurostat. "Panorama of energy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
- ^ REN21 (15 July 2010). "Renewables 2010 Global Status Report" (PDF). REN21. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ "Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv'ER". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ Global installed wind power capacity (MW) Archived May 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Global Wind Energy Council 6.2.2008
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine." Australian Uranium Association. April 2008
- ^ Energetikos teisė on Lithuanian Wikipedia, citing B.Pranevičienė, S.Milčiuvienė, "Kainų teisinio reguliavimo aktualijos Lietuvos elektros energijos rinkoje, Jurisprudencija: mokslo darbai." (Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas 2 (80) tomas, 2006), p. 60–73. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
- ^ "Про альтернативні джерела енергії - від 20.02.2003 № 555-IV (Сторінка 1 з 2)". zakon2.RADA.gov.ua. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "Ukrainian National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission". NERC.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "Welcome to Держенергоефективності України - Держенергоефективності України". SAEE.gov.ua. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "Renewable energy legal support in Ukraine". Capital Law Consulting.
- ^ Thor, Anatoliy. "Energy savings performance contracting in Ukraine".
- ^ Albanian Institute of Oil and Gas website Archived February 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- ^ The Israeli Gas "Cartel’’ – The Battle Heats Up/ Adv. Simon Jaffa Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tomoko Yamazaki and Shunichi Ozasa (June 27, 2011). "Fukushima Retiree Leads Anti-Nuclear Shareholders at Tepco Annual Meeting". Bloomberg.
- ^ Mari Saito (May 7, 2011). "Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after PM call to close plant". Reuters.
- ^ "Nuclear Power in Japan". World Nuclear Association. February 2019.
- ^ The European Parliament's Greens-EFA Group – The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007 Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine p. 23.
- ^ Weisenthal, Joe (11 March 2011). "Japan Declares Nuclear Emergency, As Cooling System Fails At Power Plant". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ "Chubu Electric set to close nuclear plant". BBC News. 9 May 2011.
- ^ Hermann, Lynn (6 May 2011). "Japan Prime Minister orders shutdown of Hamaoka nuclear plant". Digital Journal.
- ^ Okada, Yuji; Hirokawa, Takashi (7 May 2011). "Chubu Electric's Board Meets on Possible Nuclear Plant Closure". Bloomberg.
- ^ "Japan nuke plant suspends work". Herald Sun. May 14, 2011.
- ^ M. V. Ramana (July 2011). "Nuclear power and the public". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. p. 44.
- ^ Gavin Blair (June 20, 2011). "Beginning of the end for nuclear power in Japan?". CSMonitor.
- ^ M. V. Ramana (July 2011). "Nuclear power and the public". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. p. 43.
- ^ "Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo". USA Today. September 2011.
- ^ Stephanie Cooke (October 10, 2011). "After Fukushima, Does Nuclear Power Have a Future?". New York Times.
- ^ Antoni Slodkowski (June 15, 2011). "Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after quake". Reuters.
- ^ Hiroko Tabuchi (July 13, 2011). "Japan Premier Wants Shift Away From Nuclear Power". New York Times.
- ^ Tsuyoshi Inajima and Yuji Okada (Oct 28, 2011). "Nuclear Promotion Dropped in Japan Energy Policy After Fukushima". Bloomberg.
- ^ David Batty (May 5, 2012). "Japan shuts down last working nuclear reactor". The Guardian.
- ^ Gerhardt, Tina (22 July 2012). "After Fukushima, Nuclear Power on Collision Course with Japanese Public". Alternet. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "Osaka governments call for shutdown of Oi nuclear plant". Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ^ United States and Japan Sign Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan, United States Department of Energy, published 2007-04-25, accessed 2007-05-02
- ^ Japan & US ink pact on nuclear power reactors Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Japan Times Online, published 2007-05-25, accessed 2007-05-02
- ^ US & Japan Sign Nuclear Power Cooperation Plan, Environment News Service, published 2007-01-10, accessed 2007-05-02
- ^ Fact Sheet: United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan Archived May 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, United States Department of Energy, published 2007-04-25, accessed 2007-05-02
- ^ "Japan achieves first gas extraction from offshore methane hydrate". Reuters. 2013-03-12.
- ^ HIROKO TABUCHIMARCH 12, 2013 (2013-03-12). "An Energy Coup for Japan: 'Flammable Ice' - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2018-07-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Sebastian (2012-02-28). "Sputtering on gas". Insight Sabah. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ "Sabah Gas Obtains $230m loan facility". New Straits Times. 1990-12-08. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Agreement to sell Sabah Gas Industries". New Straits Times. 1990-01-28. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ S. Durga Varma (1988-12-15). "Sabah Gas Industries to be privatized soon". New Straits Times. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ "Explosion at gas plant in Labuan". Star Property. 2010-02-23. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ "Clearing the air over Sabah Gas". Malaysia Today. 2008-11-16. Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Art Abernales' website Energy law page Archived 2010-05-15 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Art Abernales' website Act 667 page Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Art Abernales' website Act 1022 page Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Act No. 3636 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, as amended by Commonwealth Act 132 of 1936 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Art Abernales' website Act No. 2719 page Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, as amended by Act No. 3516 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine and Republic Act 740 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Act No. 2932 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Commonwealth Act No. 137 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ See Republic Act No. 225 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Republic Act No. 746 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Republic Act No. 4388 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Presidential Decree No. 99-a Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Presidential Decree No. 295 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Presidential Decree No. 463 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Presidential Decree No. 1383 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, and Presidential Decree No. 1677 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Some of the decrees by Ferdinand Marcos allowed "exploitation" of resources to unsustainable levels, strip mining and/or deforestation. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Act No. 4062 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Commonwealth Act No. 120 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ See Republic Act No. 358 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Republic Act No. 1397 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Republic Act No. 2058 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Republic Act No. 2641 Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, Republic Act No. 3043 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, and Republic Act No. 4897 Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Asia Pacific Tax Notes, p. 52, found at PriceWaterhouseCoopers China website[dead link]. Accessed November 16, 2009.
- ^ Basic Law of Saudi Arabia Article 14, found at Basic Law of Saudi Arabia at Wikisource.. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
- ^ Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, Article 20, found at Basic Law of Saudi Arabia at Wikisource.. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
- ^ "Ministry of Water and Electricity - SAMIRAD (Saudi Arabia Market Information Resource)". www.saudinf.com. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
- ^ Ersoy, Kerem; Akal, Oğuz (23 July 2013). "Turkey: The New Petroleum Law". Mondaq. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Motor Fuel Excise Tax Rates as of January 1, 2008 from the Federation of Tax Administrators website. Retrieved February 24, 2009. Archived February 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 2007 State Tax Collection by Source from the Federation of Tax Administrators website. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
Further reading[]
- Klause Bosselmann, The Principle of Sustainability (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) ISBN 978-0-7546-7355-2.
- G. T. Goodman, W. D. Rowe, Energy Risk Management (New York: Academic Press 1979) ISBN 978-0-122896804. Found at Biblio
External links[]
- U.S. Energy Information Administration website
- The Institute for Energy Law website
- Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources of the American Bar Association website
- Energy law at Cornell Law School website
- LLM in Energy Law at Vermont Law School
- Energy Law Journal
- Journal of World Energy Law & Business, the peer-reviewed, official journal of the , published by Oxford University Press
- Energy Law Net, an interactive website for energy lawyers
- Pace University Energy & Climate Center website
- United States energy law, from FindLaw.com website
- Energy industry listings for United States, from FindLaw.com website
- Energy Industry Today website
- Energy law
- Energy economics
- Environmental law